A vocational school, also called a trade school, is a higher-level learning institution that specializes in providing students with the vocational education
and technical skills they need in order to perform the tasks of a
particular job. Vocational schools are traditionally distinguished from
two-year junior colleges and four-year universities by their goal to impart job-specific training and education to students who are typically bound for blue-collar jobs in the workforce, rather than the aim to provide academic education for students pursuing careers in white-collar
disciplines. While many schools have largely adhered to this
convention, the purely vocational focus of other trade schools has since
begun to shift "toward a broader preparation that develops the
academic" as well as technical skills of their students, following the
advent of the 1990s. [1]
Korea Animation High School, Hanam, South Korea.
Contents
Australia
Vocational schools were called "technical colleges" in Australia, and
there were more than 20 schools specializing in vocational educational
training (VET). Only four technical colleges remain, and these are now
referred to as "trade colleges". At these colleges, students complete a
modified year 12 certificate and commence a school-based apprenticeship
in a trade of their choice. There are two trade colleges in Queensland;
Brisbane, the Gold Coast, Australian Industry Trade College and one in Adelaide, St Patrick's Technical College, and another in Perth, Australian Trades College.
In Queensland, students can also undertake VET at private and public
high schools instead of studying for their overall position (OP), which
is a tertiary entrance score. However these students usually undertake
more limited vocational education of one day per week whereas in the
trade colleges the training is longer.
Canada
Vocational schools are sometimes called "colleges"
in Canada. However, a college may also refer to an institution that
offers part of a university degree, or credits that may be transferred
to a university.
In Ontario, secondary schools were separated into three streams:
technical schools, commercial or business schools, and collegiates (the
academic schools). Those schools still exist; however, the curriculum
has changed that no matter which type of school one attends, they can
still attend any post-secondary institution and still study a variety of
subjects (either academic or practical).
In Ontario, the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities have
divided postsecondary education into universities, community colleges
and private career colleges.
In the Province of Quebec, there are some vocational programs offered at institutions called CEGEPs (collège d'enseignement général et professionnel),
but these too may function as an introduction to university. Generally,
students complete two years at a CEGEP directly out of high school, and
then complete three years at a university (rather than the usual four),
to earn an undergraduate degree. Alternatively, some CEGEPs offer
vocational training, but it is more likely that vocational training will
be found at institutions separate from the academic institutions,
though they may still be called colleges.
Central and Eastern Europe
Main article: Education in the Soviet Union
In Central and Eastern Europe, a vocational education is represented in forms of (professional) vocational technical schools often abbreviated as PTU and technical colleges (technikum).
- PTU
Main article: Vocational technical school
PTUs are usually a preparatory vocational education
and are equivalent to the general education of the third degree in the
former Soviet education, providing a lower level of vocational education
(apprenticeship). It could be compared to a trade high school.
In the 1920-30s, such PTUs were called schools of factory and plant
apprenticeship, and later 1940s - vocational schools. Sometime after
1959, the name PTU was established, however, with the reorganization of
the Soviet educational system these vocational schools renamed into
lyceums. There were several types of PTUs such as middle city PTU and
rural PTU.
- Technicum
Main article: Technicum
Technical college (technicum) is becoming an obsolete term for a
college in different parts of Central and Eastern Europe. Technicums
provided a middle level of vocational education. Aside of technicums and
PTU there also were vocational schools (Russian:
Профессиональные училища) that also provided a middle level of
vocational education. In 1920-30s Ukraine, technicums were a (technical)
vocational institutes, however, during the 1930-32s Soviet educational reform they were degraded in their accreditation.
- Institute
Institutes were considered a higher level of education, however,
unlike universities they were more oriented to a particular trade. With
the reorganization of the Soviet education system, most institutes have
been renamed as technical universities.
Finland
See also: Education in Finland
The Finnish system is divided between vocational and academic paths.
Currently about 47 percent of Finnish students at age 15 go to
vocational school. The vocational school is a secondary school for ages
16–21, and prepares the students for entering the workforce. The
curriculum includes little academic general education, while the
practical skills of each trade are stressed. The education is divided
into eight main categories with a total of about 50 trades. The basic
categories of education are
- Humanist and educational branch (typical trade: youth- and free-time director)
- Cultural branch (typical trade: artisan, media-assistant)
- The branch of social sciences, business and merchandise (typical trade: vocational qualification in business and administration (Finnish: merkonomi))
- Natural science (typical trade: IT worker (Finnish: datanomi))
- Technology and traffic (typical trades: machinist, electrician, process worker)
- The branch of natural resources and environment (typical trade: rural entrepreneur, forest worker)
- The branch of social work, health care and physical exercise (typical trade: paramedic (Finnish: lähihoitaja))
- The branch of travel, catering and domestic economics (typical trade: institutional catering worker)
In addition to these categories administered by the Ministry of
Education, the Ministry of Interior provides vocational education in the
security and rescue branch for policemen, prison guards and
firefighters.
The vocational schools are usually owned by the municipalities, but
in special cases, private or state vocational schools exist. The state
grants aid to all vocational schools on the same basis, regardless of
the owner. On the other hand, the vocational schools are not allowed to
operate for profit. The Ministry of Education issues licences to provide
vocational education. In the licence, the municipality or a private
entity is given permission to train a yearly quota of students for
specific trades. The licence also specifies the area where the school
must be located and the languages used in the education.
The vocational school students are selected by the schools on the
basis of criteria set by the Ministry of Education. The basic
qualification for the study is completed nine-year comprehensive school.
Anyone may seek admission in any vocational school regardless of their
domicile. In certain trades, bad health or invalidity may be acceptable
grounds for refusing admission. The students do not pay tuition and they
must be provided with health care and a free daily school lunch.
However, the students must pay for the books, although the tools and
practice material are provided to the students for free.
In tertiary education, there are higher vocational schools (ammattikorkeakoulu''
which is translated to "polytechnic" or "university of applied
sciences"), which give three- to four-year degrees in more involved
fields, like engineering (see insinööri (amk)) and nursing.
In contrast to the vocational school, an academically orientated upper secondary school, or senior high school (Finnish: lukio) teaches no vocational skills. It prepares students for entering the university or a higher vocational school.
Ireland
See also: Education in the Republic of Ireland
A vocational school in Ireland is a type of secondary education school which places a large emphasis on vocational and technical education; this led to some conflict in the 1960s when the Regional Technical College system was in development. Since 2013 the schools have been managed by Education and Training Boards, which replaced Vocational Education Committees which were largely based on city or county
boundaries. Establishment of the schools is largely provided by the
state; funding is through block grant system providing about 90% of
necessary funding requirements.
Vocational schools typically have further education courses in addition to the traditional courses at secondary level. For instance, post leaving certificate courses which are intended for school leavers and pre-third level education students.
Until the 1970s the vocational schools were seen as inferior to the
other schools then available in Ireland. This was mainly because
traditional courses such as the leaving certificate were not available
at the schools, however this changed with the Investment in Education
(1962) report which resulted in an upgrade in their status. Currently
about 25% of secondary education students attend these schools.
Japan
In Japan vocational schools are known as senmon gakkō (専門学校?). There are part of Japan's higher education
system. They are two-year schools that many students study at after
finishing high school (although it is not always required that students
graduate from high school). Some have a wide range of majors, others
only a few majors. Some examples are computer technology, fashion and English.
Netherlands
Ambachtschool
See also: Education in the Netherlands
In the Middle Ages boys learned a vocation through an apprenticeship. They were usually 10 years old when they entered service, and were first called leerling (apprentice), then gezel (journeyman) and after an exam - sometimes with an example of workmanship called a meesterproef (masterpiece) - they were called meester (master craftsman). In 1795, all of the guilds in the Netherlands were disbanded by Napoleon,
and with them the guild vocational schooling system. After the French
occupation, in the 1820s, the need for quality education caused more and
more cities to form day and evening schools for various trades. In
1854, the society maatschappij tot verbetering van den werkenden stand (society to improve the working class) was founded in Amsterdam, that changed its name in 1861 to the Maatschappij voor de Werkende Stand (Society for the working class). This society started the first public vocational school (De Ambachtsschool) in Amsterdam, and many cities followed. At first only for boys, later the Huishoudschool (housekeeping) was introduced as vocational schooling for girls. Housekeeping education began in 1888 with the Haagsche Kookschool in The Hague.
In 1968 the law called the Mammoetwet changed all of this, effectively dissolving the Huishoudschool and the Ambachtsschool. The name was changed to Lagere Technische School
(LTS) (lower technical school) where mainly boys went because of its
technical nature. The other option, where most girls went was LBO (Lager
Beroepsonderwijsl). In 1992 both LTS and LBO changed to VBO
(Voorbereidend Middelbaar Beroepsonderwijs) and since 1999 VBO changed
to the current VMBO.
United States
Main article: Vocational education in the United States
In the United States, there is a very large difference between career college and vocational college. The term career college
is generally reserved for post-secondary for-profit institutions.
Conversely, vocational schools are Government-owned or at least
Government-supported institutions, occupy two full years of study, and
their credits are by and large accepted elsewhere in the academic world
and in some instances such as charter academies or magnet schools may take the place of the final years of high school.
Career colleges on the other hand are generally not government
supported in any capacity, occupy periods of study less than a year, and
their training and certifications are rarely recognized by the larger
academic world. In addition, as most career colleges are private schools,
this group may be further subdivided into non-profit schools and
proprietary schools, operated for the sole economic benefit of their
owners.
As a result of this emphasis on the commercialization of education, a
widespread and well-deserved for the period poor reputation for quality
was retained by a great number of career colleges for over promising
what the job prospects for their graduates would actually be in their
field of study upon completion of their program, and for emphasizing the
number of careers from which a student could choose. However, this
problem has been largely corrected in modern times due to more stringent
regulation.[citation needed]
Even though the popularity of career colleges has exploded in recent
years, the number of government-sponsored vocational schools in the
United States has decreased significantly.[citation needed].
The Association for Career and Technical Education
(ACTE) is the largest American national education association dedicated
to the advancement of career and technical education or vocational
education that prepares youth and adults for careers.
Earlier vocational schools such as California Institute of Technology[2] and Carnegie Mellon University have gone on to become full degree-granting institutions.
References
- "Information Literacy in Vocational Education: A Course Model". White-Clouds.com. 2 Sep 2006.
- Goodstein, Judith (1998-06-29). "History of Caltech". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
External links
- Career College Association website
- Barry Yeoman, Scam Schools, Good Housekeeping
- Association of Career and Technical Education (ACTE)
- Paying for Vocational School
- Questions to Ask a Vocational School
|
|
||
|
||
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar