ADJECTIVE

 

A.      DEFINITION :

Salah satu jenis kata (Part of Speech) yang berfungsi menerangkan

kata benda (Noun) atau kata ganti (Pronoun) dalam sebuah kalimat

B.      MACAM-MACAM ADJECTIVE

1.        DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE

Merupakan suatu jenis kata sifat yang menerangkan tentang Shape (Bentuk), Size (Ukuran), Colour (Warna) atau Condition (Keadaan)/Quality (kualitas), Material (bahan), dan Origin (asal daerah) dari suatu benda.

a.       SHAPE

Some adjectives tell about shape of things

Square, Circular, Spherical, Conical, Rhomboid, Oval, Cylindrical,

Cubical, Semi circular, Rectangular, Triangle, etc.

Example : oval face                         rectangular room             circular clock

                     spherical ball                                triangle vase                       cubical box

                     square land                   rhomboid island               conical house    

b.       SIZE

Some adjectives tell about the size of people or things.

Big, Small, Tall, Short, Long, Large, Medium, Deep, High,

 Shallow (dangkal), Wide, Narrow, Low, Broad.

Example :            a big house                          a long bridge                     tiny feet

a large army                       a high mountain               big hands

a huge ship                         a short man                        a short skirt

a tall building                    a thin boy                            long trousers

c.       COLOUR

Some adjectives tell about the color of things.

White, Black, Blue, Green, Brown, Yellow, Red, Purple, Pink,

Gray, Violet, Orange, Peach, Scarlet, Cream, Gold, Dark/Deep Blue,

 Light Blue, Dark Brown, etc

Example :                  a red carpet        a gray suit                           a brown bear

a white swan      an orange balloon            green peppers

a blue uniform a yellow ribbon                                 black shoes

d.      CONDITION/QUALITY

Some adjectives tell what people or things are like by describing their condition/quality.

Beautiful, Handsome, Good, Nice, Delicious, Brilliant, Silly, Nasty,

Healthy, Sunny, Empty, Bitter, Healthy, Prosperous, Dark, Flat,

Bright, Cheap, Expensive, Hot, Cool, Cold, Warm, etc

Example :            a beautiful woman          a young soldier                  a flat surface

a handsome boy                an old uncle                        a hot drink

a poor family                     a kind lady                          a cold winter

e.       MATERIAL/SUBSTANCE

Some adjectives tell what things are made of. They refer to substances.

Plastic, Paper, Cotton, Wood, Metal, Iron, Gold, Silver, Diamond,  Glass, Fiber, Silk, Clay, Porcelain, Concrete, etc

Example :    a plastic folder                  a stone wall                        a clay pot

a paper bag                         a metal box                         a glass door

a cotton shirt                     a silk dress                         a concrete road

a jade ring                           a wooden spoon                a porcelain vase

f.        ORIGIN

Some adjectives are made from proper nouns of place. These adjectives are

called adjectives of origin.

        American, Japanese, Spanish, Indian, Germany, British, etc

Example :    a Mexican hat                   a British police officer    the French flag                                                                 a Filipino dress                            an American custom      Washington apples

a Japanese lady                 a Spanish dance               an Indian temple             

2.       DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE

Yaitu adjective yang bersifat distributive (membagi-bagi). Misalnya : each, every, either, neither, dan lain-lain.

3.       POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

Possessive Adjectives, yaitu adjective yang menyatakan atau menunjukkan kepunyaan. Misalnya : my, your, her, his, their, our dan lain-lain

4.       DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE

Demonstrative Adjective adalah adjective yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu benda. Misalnya : this (ini-tunggal), that (itu tunggal), these (ini-jamak), those (itu-jamak), dan lain-lain.

5.       INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE

Yaitu adjective yang digunakan untuk menanyakan keadaan suatu benda. Misalnya : what (apa), which (yang manakah), whose (kepunyaan siapakah), what color (apa warnanya).

6.       QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES

Quantitative Adjectives, yaitu adjective yang digunakan untuk menerangkan jumlah benda. Misalnya : many (banyak-untuk benda yang dapat dihitung), much (banyak-untuk benda yang tidak dapat dihitung dengan angka), a little (sedikit), a few (sedikit), several (beberapa-untuk benda yang dapat dihitung), dan lain-lain.

C.     CARA PEMBENTUKAN ADJECTIVE

Untuk membentuk adjective, selain dari kata sifat aslinya, maka dalam bahasa Inggris, adjective dapat juga dibentuk dari kata benda (nouns) maupun dari kata kerja (verbs) dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut :

1.   Pembentukan Adjective dari Nouns

a.       Dengan menambahkan akhiran “al” pada kata benda (nouns)

NOUN                                                 ADJECTIVE

coast                                                     coastal

crime                                                    criminal

electric                                                 electrical

magic                                                            magical

medic                                                            medical

music                                                            musical

nation                                                           national

nature                                                           natural

person                                                          personal

part                                                               partial

ratio                                                              rational

tradition                                                      traditional

b.       Dengan menambahkan akhiran “less” pada kata benda yang mempunyai arti tidak atau tanpa

NOUN                                                 ADJECTIVE

                                arm                                                        armless

                                cloud                                                     cloudless

                                fear                                                        fearless

                                hair                                                        hairless

                                harm                                                     harmless

                                job                                                          jobless

                                joy                                                          joyless

                                wing                                                      wingless

                                home                                                     homeless

                                meaning                                               meaningless

                                sleeve                                                    sleeveless

                                seed                                                       seedless

                                use                                                         useless

c.       Dengan menambahkan akhiran “Y” pada Nouns

NOUN                                                 ADJECTIVE

anger                                                     angry

blood                                                     bloody

bone                                                      bony

cloud                                                     cloudy

dust                                                       dusty

hill                                                         hilly

grass                                                     grassy

rock                                                       rocky

water                                                    watery

wind                                                      windy

storm                                                    stormy

sun                                                         sunny   

juice                                                      juicy

d.       Dengan menambahkan akhiran “ful” pada kata benda

NOUN                                 ADJECTIVE

beauty                                                  beautiful

help                                                       helpful

hope                                                      hopeful

power                                                   powerful

success                                                 successful

skill                                                       skillful

power                                                   powerful

color                                                      colorful

e.        Dengan menambahkan akhiran “ous” pada Nouns

NOUN                                                     ADJECTIVE

danger                                                      dangerous

delight                                                      delicious

mystery                                                    mysterious

poison                                                       poisonous

courage                                                    courageous

mountain                                                                mountainous

adventures                                              adventurous

humor                                                      humorous

2.   Pembentukan Adjective dari Verbs

a.       Dengan menambahkan “able” pada Verbs

VERB                                                   ADJECTIVE

accept                                                   acceptable

achieve                                                 achievable

apply                                                     applicable

avoid                                                     avoidable

break                                                    breakable

change                                                  changeable

compare                                                  comparable

eat                                                              edible

enjoy                                                         enjoyable

expand                                                     expandable

favor                                                         favorable

love                                                            lovable

notice                                                        noticeable

predict                                                     predictable

reach                                                         reachable

read                                                           readable

remove                                                     removable

sink                                                           sinkable

solve                                                          solvable

b.       Dengan menambahkan akhiran “ive” pada Verbs

VERB                                                   ADJECTIVE

construct                                            constructive

educate                                                                educative

instruct                                                                instructive

repress                                                 repressive

talk                                                        talkative

c.       Dengan menambahkan akhiran –ed dan –ing ( Adjectives: -ed and –ing ) pada Verb

A lot of adjectives are made from verbs by adding -ing or -ed:

Adjective dapat dibentuk dari kata-kata kerja berakhiran –ed dan -ing

The commonest -ing  adjectives are:

amusing	shocking	surprising	frightening
interesting	disappointing	exciting	tiring
worrying	boring	terrifying	annoying

Example :

Ø  If you call something interesting you mean it interests you.

Ø  If you call something frightening you mean it frightens you.

Ø  I read a very interesting article in the newspaper today.

Ø  That Dracula film was absolutely terrifying.

The commonest –ed adjectives are:

annoyed	bored	frightened	worried
tired	closed	excited	delighted
disappointed

If something annoys  you, you can say you feel annoyed. If something interests you, you can say you are interested.

Someone is –ed adjectives because something is -ing  adjectives

Example

Ø  The children get  bored because the games are boring

Ø  The trip is tiring, so the passengers feel tired

Ø  The film is frightening. The viewers are frightened

Ø  The students’ scores are disappointing. The teacher feels disappointed

D.     THE ORDER Of ADJECTIVE

Sometimes we use more than one adjective in front of a noun:

Ø  He was a nice intelligent young man.

Ø  She had a small round black wooden box.

Sometimes several adjectives are used to describe a single noun or pronoun.

When you use two or more adjectives, the usual order is: size, quality, color, origin, substance. For example:

Ø  a small green plastic box

Ø  size color substance

Ø  a stylish red Italian car

Quality  Color  Origin

Here are more examples.

a large Indian temple                      a tall white stone building

a colorful cotton shirt                    a long Chinese silk robe

delicious Spanish food                                   an old graceful Japanese lady

crunchy Australian apples                          a short handsome English man

Adjectives of quality sometimes come before adjectives of size.

For example:

beautiful long hair                           elegant short hair

But adjectives of size always come before adjectives of color.

For example:     

beautiful long black hair                              elegant short red hair

If you use any adjective of substance, it comes after the color adjective.

For example:

a beautiful long black silk dress

The Order of Adjectives

Opinion adjectives:

Some adjectives give a general opinion. We can use these adjectives to describe almost any noun:

good	bad	lovely	strange
beautiful	nice	brilliant	excellent
awful	important	wonderful	nasty

Some adjectives give a specific opinion. We only use these adjectives to describe particular kinds of noun:

Food: tasty; delicious
Furniture, buildings: comfortable; uncomfortable
People, animals: clever; intelligent; friendly

We usually put a general opinion in front of a specific opinion:

Nice tasty soup.
A nasty uncomfortable armchair
A lovely intelligent animal

Usually we put an adjective that gives an opinion in front of an adjective that is descriptive:

a nice red dress; a silly old man; those horrible yellow curtains

We often have two adjectives in front of a noun:

a handsome young man; a big black car; that horrible big dog

Sometimes we have three adjectives, but this is unusual:

a nice handsome young man;
a big black American car;
that horrible big fierce dog

It is very unusual to have more than three adjectives.
Adjectives usually come in this order:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
General opinion	Specific opinion	Size	Shape	Age	Color	Nationality	Material

We use some adjectives only after a link verb:

afraid	alive	alone	asleep
content	glad	ill	ready
sorry	sure	unable	well

Some of the commonest -ed adjectives are normally used only after a link verb:

annoyed;  finished;  bored; pleased; thrilled

We say:

Ø  Our teacher was ill.

Ø  My uncle was very glad when he heard the news.

Ø  The policeman seemed to be very annoyed

but we do not say:

Ø  We had an ill teacher.

Ø  When he heard the news he was a very glad uncle

Ø  He seemed to be a very annoyed policeman

A few adjectives are used only in front of a noun:

north south east west

northern southern eastern western

countless occasional lone

eventful indoor outdoor

We say:

Ø  He lives in the eastern district.

Ø  There were countless problems with the new machinery.

but we do not say:

Ø  The district he lives in is eastern

Ø  The problems with the new machinery were countless.

Exercise 1

Read the following passage and underline the adjectives. Write S above adjectives

of size, C above adjectives of color, Q above adjectives of quality and O above

adjectives of origin.

Sydney is a large Australian city with busy streets and expensive shops. In summer, it’s a very hot place. People wear cool clothes and drink cool drinks. There are beautiful sandy beaches where people can rest and look up at the wide blue sky. There are big parks for tourists to visit. Japanese tourists like to sit and watch other people. British tourists take photographs of the strange plants and colorful birds.

Exercise 2

The following passage contains a lot of adjectives. Some of the adjectives appear in the wrong order. First underline the wrongly ordered adjectives. Then write them in their

correct order on the lines below the passage.

My friend Jeremy is a handsome tall boy. He always wears a white long T-shirt and a big red

cap. He carries a blue huge canvas bag to school. His favorite food is red crunchy apples

and he always has one in his bag. Our teacher is an English kind tall man called Mr. Clark.

He wears a blue smart suit and glasses with black plastic thick frames.

Exercise 3

List all the adjectives in this paragraph.

The young hikers walked through the dark woods. A few boys knew that they were lost, but most simply enjoyed the sweet smell of dried pine needles and autumn leaves that littered the ground. The weather was warm, and the hills were gentle, but as they continued on their way the sunlight became paler. The youngest boys started to ask their Scout leader when they could stop and eat their sandwiches. He told them that they would have to wait until they reach the little lake on the other side of the steep blue ridge ahead. After two long hours, the group of tired boys still had not reached the isolated lake that was their final destination, and one older boy suggested that they set up camp beside a babbling brook. They set up their canvas tents, lit a huge crackling fire, and ate their supper. Just as they were climbing into their snug sleeping bags, they saw a beam of light, bright and narrow, piercing the inky darkness. With relief, the leader realized that they were six miles south of where they should have been. The car was obviously travelling on the Black River Road and they were only a mile or two

Exercise 4xercise 3

The following sentences contain adjectives made by adding endings to nouns.

Write the noun that each adjective comes from on the line after each sentence.

The first one has been done for you. Remember that some nouns must be

changed slightly before the ending is added.

1. She’s always making careless mistakes.

2. It was a very painful injury.

3. Witches and wizards have magical powers.

4. These oranges are very juicy.

5. Dogs are usually more energetic than cats.

6. Our neighbors are not very friendly.

7. She keeps her toys in a large wooden box.

8. Take off your muddy shoes before you come in.

9. May I borrow your pencil sharpener? Mine is useless.

10. What a beautiful dress!

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Fill in the blank spaces with adjectives made from the verbs in parentheses.

Remember that both present participles and past participles can be used as adjectives. Choose the adjective that suits the sentence best. The first one has been done for you.

1. It wasn’t a very (interest) movie.

2. We could hear the (excite) fans screaming.

3. I hope the pupils don’t think that my classes are (bore).

4. My dad had a very (worry) look on his face.

5. Have the police found the (steal) car yet?

6. The supermarket sells lots of (freeze) food.

7. The players on the (win) team don’t look tired at all.

8. Some of the old houses had (break) windows.