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Kalimat langsung (direct speech) adalah
kalimat yang langsung diucapkan oleh seseorang kepada lawan bicaranya. Apabila
kalimat langsung ini disalin ke dalam bahasa tulisan, maka kita mengulang
ucapan asli si pembicara dan ditulis seperti apa adanya, yang diawali dan
diakhiri dengan tanda kutip (“………………”)
Contoh
:
·
Rudy says, “I will come to your house”
·
He said “ I have lost my umbrella”
Dalam
bahasa Inggris, kalimat langsung dan kalimat tak langsung terbagi menjadi 2
(dua) bagian kalimat, yaitu :
1.
Introductory Verbs (Kata Kerja
Pengantar), dan
2.
Quoted Speech/Reported Statement (Kalimat
yang dilaporkan)
Contoh
:
Introductory Verbs Quoted
Speech
He says, “The
train will be late”
My father told “You
have to study hard”
My mother remarks “I am
cooking now”
Apabila kalimat langsung dirubah ke
dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech/reported speech), maka
tanda kutip(“……..”) dihilangkan. Beberapa ketentuan yang harus diperhatikan
dalam mengubah Direct Speech menjadi
Indirect/Reported Speech :
1.
Apabila ‘Introductory Verb’ (say, tell,
remark) dalam bentuk Simple Present, Present Perfect atau Future, maka ‘Reported Speech’ tidak mengalami perubahan
tenses. Antara introductory dan quoted speech umumnya
dihubungkan oleh kata penghubung ‘that’
Contoh
: D – Ratna says,”I will write a
letter’
R – Ratna saya that she
will write a letter.
D – Ratna has said, ‘I
have written a letter’.
R – Ratna has said that
she has written a letter.
D – Ratna will say, ‘I
will write a letter’.
R – Ratna will say that
she will write a letter.
2.
Apabila ‘Introductory Verb’ dalam bentuk
‘Past Tense’ maka kalimat dalam Quoted Speech akan mengalami
perubahan dalam tenses maupun keterangan waktu (mundur 1 langkah Past ke
belakang) pada Reported Speechnya, yaitu :
Quoted Speech Reported
Speech
a. Simple
Present Tense Simple
Past Tense
b. Present
Continuous Tense Past
Continuous Tense
c. Future Tense Past
Future Tense
d. Future
Continuous Tense Past
Future Continuous Tense
e.
Simple Past Tense Past
Perfect Tense
f. Present
Perfect Tense Past
Perfect Tense
g. Present
Perfect Continuous Tense Past
Perfect Continuous Tense
Quoted Speech Reported
Speech
today that
day
now then
yesterday the
day before
the day before
yesterday two
days before
last night/week the
night before/week before
three days ago three
days before
tomorrow the
next day/the following day
next week/year the
following week/year
last week/year the
previous week/year
this that
these those
here there
Contoh
:
Direct Speech Indirect/Reported Speech
a.
He said, ‘I work hard’ He
said that he worked hard
b.
He said, ’I am working hard’ He
said that he was working hard
c.
He said, ’I have worked hard’ He
said that he had worked hard
d.
He said, ’I have been working hard’ He
said that he had been working hard
e.
He said, ’I worked hard’ He said that he had worked hard’
f.
He said, ’I will work hard’ He said that he would work hard
g.
He said, ‘I am going to work hard’ He said that he was going to
work hard
h.
He said, ’I can work hard’ He said that he could work
hard
i.
He said, ‘I may work hard’ He said that he might work hard
j.
He said, ‘I have to work hard’ He
said that he had to work hard
k.
He said, ‘I must work hard’ He
said that he had to work hard
l.
He said, ‘I ought to work hard’ He said that he ought to work
hard
m.
He said, ‘I will be working hard’ He
said that he would be working hard.
n. He said, ’I would study hard’ He said that he
would have studied hard
o.
He said, ‘I would be studying hard’ He
said that he would have been studying hard
A.
KALIMAT TANYA DALAM KALIMAT LANGSUNG
Untuk membuat kalimat tanya dalam
kalimat tak langsung, terdapat beberapa ketentuan sebagai berikut :
1.
Apabila introductory verb
menggunakan ‘say, tell’ maka pada kalimat tak langsung harus berubah menjadi
‘ask, inquire, wonder, want to know’
Example
: D – He said, ‘Where is the
station?’
R – He asked
where the station is
D – He said,
‘What have you got in your bag ?’
R – He asked me
what I had got in my bag
2.
Apabila quoted speech berupa
kalimat Tanya ‘Yes No Question’ maka dalam kalimat tak langsung kita gunakan
kata sambung ‘If’ atau ‘whether’
Example
: D - My father asked me, ‘Are
you busy ?’
R – My father
asked me if I was busy
D – Ratna asked
me, ‘Do you like me ?’
R – Ratna
wondered whether I liked her.
3.
Apabila quoted speech berupa
kalimat Tanya ‘Question Word Question’, maka dalam kalimat tak langsung, kita
gunakan kata sambung dari ‘Question Word’ itu sendiri.
Example
: D – Rudy said, ‘Where does
she live’
R – Rudy asked
where she lived
D – He asked her,
‘What is your name ?’
R – He asked her
what her name was.
B.
KALIMAT PERINTAH DALAM KALIMAT TAK
LANGSUNG
Untuk
membuat kalimat perintah dalam kalimat tak langsung terdapat beberapa ketentuan
yang harus diperhatikan, antara lain :
1.
Apabila ‘introductory verb’ menggunakan
‘say’, maka pada kalimat tak langsung berubah menjadi ‘order, tell, command,
ask’
a.
He said to me, ‘Turn the radio!’
He
ordered me to turn the radio
b.
He said to Marry, ‘Please, sit down’
He
told her to sit down.
2.
Kalimat perintah dalam kalimat langsung,
orang yang dituju biasanya tidak disebutkan, tetapi dalam kalimat tak langsung,
orang yang dituju harus disebutkan, untuk itu kita dapat menambahkan orang yang
dituju tersebut.
He
said, ‘Open the door!’
He
told me (her, him, us, them, dan lain-lain) to open the door
3.
Kata-kata seperti “beg, warn, urge,
remind, advise, recommend, dan invite” sering digunakan dalam pada kalimat
perintah dalam kalimat langsung.
a.
He said, ‘Please, give me another chance’
He
begged them to give him another chance
b.
‘Don’t go near the water, children’, she
said
She
warned the children not to go near the water
4.
Apabila dalam ‘Reported Speech’ berupa
kalimat perintah positif, maka dalam ‘Reported Statement’ kalimat tak langsung
harus menggunakan kata sambung ‘to’ sedangkan jika kalimat
perintahnya negatif, maka menggunakan kata ‘not to’ sebagai kata
sambungnya.
Example
: a. He said, ‘Get your coat,
Tom !’
He told Tom
to get his coat
b. Rudy
said to me, ‘Please say nothing about this’
Rudy
asked me to say nothing about that.
c. He
said, ‘Don’t move boys’
He told
the boys not to move
C.
AUXILIARY
VERBS DALAM KALIMAT TAK LANGSUNG
Would,
should, ought, had better, might, used to, could, dan
must, tidak mengalami perubahan dalam kalimat tak langsung.
Contoh : a.
She said, ‘I would help him if I could’
She said that she would help him if she
could
b. He
said, ‘I might be there’
He said that he might be there
D.
THIS,
THAT, HERE DALAM KALIMAT TAK LANGSUNG
a.
Jika ‘this’ digunakan untuk menyatakan
waktu, maka berubah menjadi ‘that’
Contoh
: He said, ‘She is coming this week’
He
said that she was coming that week
b.
Akan tetapi jika ‘this’ dan ‘that’
digunakan sebagai adjective (kata sifat), biasanya berubah menjadi ‘the’
Contoh
: He said, ‘I borrow this book for
my brother’
He said that he
had bought the book for his brother
c.
‘Here’ akan berubah menjadi ‘there’
apabila menyatakan tempat yang sudah jelas.
Contoh
: We met at the bridge and he said,
‘I will be here tomorrow’.
We met at the bridge
and he said that he would be there the next day.
E.
EXERCISE
OF REPORTED SPEECH
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences in reported
speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses.
- "Where is my umbrella?"
she asked.
→ She asked - "How are you?" Martin
asked us.
→ Martin asked us - He asked, "Do I have to do
it?"
→ He asked - "Where have you been?" the
mother asked her daughter.
→ The mother asked her daughter - "Which dress do you like
best?" she asked her boyfriend.
→ She asked her boyfriend - "What are they doing?" she
asked.
→ She wanted to know - "Are you going to the
cinema?" he asked me.
→ He wanted to know - The teacher asked, "Who speaks
English?"
→ The teacher wanted to know - "How do you know that?"
she asked me.
→ She asked me - "Has Caron talked to
Kevin?" my friend asked me.
→ My friend asked me
Exercise 2 -
Questions
Complete the sentences in reported
speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses.
- "What's the time?" he
asked.
→ He wanted to know - "When will we meet again?"
she asked me.
→ She asked me - "Are you crazy?" she asked
him.
→ She asked him - "Where did they live?" he
asked.
→ He wanted to know - "Will you be at the
party?" he asked her.
→ He asked her - "Can you meet me at the
station?" she asked me.
→ She asked me - "Who knows the answer?"
the teacher asked.
→ The teacher wanted to know - "Why don't you help me?"
she asked him.
→ She wanted to know - "Did you see that car?" he
asked me.
→ He asked me - "Have you tidied up your
room?" the mother asked the twins.
→ The mother asked the twins
Exercise 3 – Requests (positive)
Complete the sentences in reported
speech. Note the change of pronouns in some sentences.
- "Stop talking, Joe," the
teacher said.
→ The teacher told Joe - "Be patient," she said to
him.
→ She told him - "Go to your room," her
father said to her.
→ Her father told her - "Hurry up," she said to
us.
→ She told us - "Give me the key," he told
her.
→ He asked her - "Play it again, Sam," she
said.
→ She asked Sam - "Sit down, Caron" he said.
→ He asked Caron - "Fill in the form, Sir,"
the receptionist said.
→ The receptionist asked the guest - "Take off your shoes," she
told us.
→ She told us - "Mind your own business,"
she told him.
→ She told him
Exercise 4 – Requests (negative)
Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the
change of pronouns in some sentences.
- "Don't touch it," she said
to him.
→ She told him - "Don't do that again," he
said to me.
→ He told me - "Don't talk to me like
that," he said.
→ He told her - "Don't repair the computer
yourself," she warned him.
→ She warned him - "Don't let him in," she
said.
→ She told me - "Don't go out without me,"
he begged her.
→ He begged her - "Don't forget your bag,"
she told me.
→ She told me - "Don't eat in the lab,"
the chemistry teacher said.
→ The chemistry teacher told his students - "Don't give yourself up,"
he advised her.
→ He advised her - "Don't hurt yourselves,
boys," she said.
→ She told the boys
Exercise 5 – Requests (mixed)
Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the
change of pronouns in some sentences.
- She said, "Go upstairs."
→ She told me - "Close the door behind
you," he told me.
→ He told me - "Don't be late," he
advised us.
→ He advised us - "Stop staring at me," she
said.
→ She told him - "Don't be angry with me,"
he said.
→ He asked her - "Leave me alone," she
said.
→ She told me - "Don't drink and drive,"
she warned us.
→ She warned us - "John, stop smoking," she
said.
→ She told John - "Don't worry about us,"
they said.
→ They told her - "Meet me at the cinema."
he said.
→ He asked me
Exercise 6- Mixed
Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note
whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question.
- He said, "I like this
song."
→ He said - "Where is your sister?"
she asked me.
→ She asked me - "I don't speak Italian,"
she said.
→ She said - "Say hello to Jim," they
said.
→ They asked me - "The film began at seven
o'clock," he said.
→ He said - "Don't play on the grass,
boys," she said.
→ She told the boys - "Where have you spent your
money?" she asked him.
→ She asked him - "I never make mistakes,"
he said.
→ He said - "Does she know Robert?" he
wanted to know.
→ He wanted to know - "Don't try this at home,"
the stuntman told the audience.
→ The stuntman advised the audience
Exercise 7- Mixed
Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note
whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question and whether you
have to change the tenses or not.
- "I was very tired," she
said.
→ She said - "Be careful, Ben," she
said.
→ She told Ben - "I will get myself a
drink," she says.
→ She says - "Why haven't you phoned
me?" he asked me.
→ He wondered - "I cannot drive them
home," he said.
→ He said - "Peter, do you prefer tea or
coffee?" she says.
→ She asks Peter - "Where did you spend your
holidays last year?" she asked me.
→ She asked me - He said, "Don't go too
far."
→ He advised her - "Have you been shopping?"
he asked us.
→ He wanted to know - "Don't make so much
noise," he says.
→ He asks us
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