AUXILIARY

DEFINISI :

 Auxiliary (helping verb) adalah kata yang membantu berdirinya predikat dalam suatu kalimat tanpa atau dengan kata kerja yang sesungguhnya.

JENIS-JENIS AUXILIARY

                Terdapat kurang lebih 24 macam auxiliary verb, beberapa berfungsi sebagai kata kerja bantu saja, ada pula yang berfungsi sebagai kata kerja real, seperti : do, does, did, have, has, dan lain-lain.

                Adapun ke 24 macam auxiliary verb tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :

                               

                                Present Tense                                                  Past Tense

                                is, am, are                                                            was, were

                                do, does, did                                                               did

                                have, has                                                                      had

                                shall, will                                                             should, would

                                      can                                                                    could

                                     may                                                                   might

                                     must                                                                   -

                                   ought to                                                                     -

                                    need                                                                     -

                                    dare                                                                       -

-                                                                                                                 used to

A. TO BE : IS, AM dan ARE

                To be is, am, are dapat digunakan baik sebagai auxiliary verbs, digunakan :

1. Untuk membentuk kalimat Present Continuous Tense :
• He is studying English now
• I am reading a book at a moment
• You are watching television right now

2. Untuk membentuk kalimat Future Tense (Pola : to be going to)
• He is going to go to the movie tonight
• I am going to study English tomorrow
• We are going to start our job next month

3. To be + accustomed to (used to), mempunyai pengertian sudah terbiasa.
• He is accustomed to work hard (Ia terbiasa bekerja keras)
• I am used to hot water (Saya terbiasa dengan air panas)
• They are accustomed to cold weather ( mereka terbiasa dengan cuaca dingin)

4. Untuk membentuk Passive Voice (To be + V3/Past Participle)
• He is helped by Rudy (Ia ditolong oleh Rudy)
• I am asked to explain the lesson (Saya diminta menjelaskan pelajaran)
• They are ordered to move (Mereka diperintahkan untuk pindah)

5. To be + to infinitive, mempunyai pengertian “obligation/keharusan”, contoh :
• He is to study English tonight (Ia harus belajar Bahasa Inggris malam ini)
• I am to go right now (Saya harus pergi sekarang juga)
• We are to face this problem (Kami harus menghadapi masalah ini)

6. To be + about + to infinitive, menunjukkan sesuatu yang harus dilakukan (immediate future), contoh :
• My father is about to leave for the office (Ayah saya akan segera meninggalkan kantor)
• Sorry, I am about to go (Maaf saya akan segera pergi)
• They are about to move to Jakarta (Mereka akan segera pindah ke Jakarta)

7. To be sebagai helping verb, digunakan untuk :

a.       Sebagai Predikat dari Kata Benda (Predicate of noun), contoh :

-      He is a student in that school

-      I am a teacher of English

-      We are employees at this company

b. Sebagai Predikat dari kata sifat (Predicate of adjectives), contoh :

-      She is very beautiful

-      I am glad to accept it

-      They are interested in English

c.  Sebagai Predikat dari kata keterangan tempat (Predicate of adverb of place)

-      My mother is in the kitchen right now

-      I am in Bandung at a moment

-      They are in the garden

d.  To be digunakan dengan “There” untuk menyatakan keberadaan (existensi) dari kata benda, contoh :

-      There is a girl in the garden

-      There are two boys in the room

-      There was an accident yesterday

B. TO BE WAS dan WERE

                To be was dan were selain digunakan sebagai auxiliary verb dapat juga digunakan sebagai helping verb.

1.        Sebagai auxiliary verbs, digunakan untuk :

a.       Membentuk kalimat Past Continuous Tense:

• He was studying English when I came to his house
• They were playing football yesterday morning

b.       Membentuk kalimat Passive Voice, dalam Simple Past Tense, Contoh:

• He was elected as a manager (Ia telah dipilih sebagai manager)
• They were found last week (Mereka ditemukan minggu yang lalu)

2.        Sebagai helping verbs digunakan :

a.             As a predicate of noun :

• It was an accident here yesterday
• They were friends when they were in London

b.       As a predicate of adjectives

• She was happy to hear the good news yesterday
• They were absent yesterday

c.       As a predicate of adverb of place

• I was in America last year
• They were still in the room last morning.

C. DO/DOES

                Dalam kalimat Simple Present Tense, ‘do’ dan ‘does’ selain berfungsi sebagai auxiliary verb juga berfungsi sebagai ordinary verb (kata kerja biasa)

I.        Sebagai auxiliary verbs, maka ‘do’ dan ‘does’ digunakan untuk :

1.                                                                          Membentuk interrogative sentence :

• Do you study English ?
• Does she live at Jl. Merdeka ?
• Does Mr. Arif teach you English ?
• Do Rudy and Ratna love each other ?

2.       Membentuk negative sentence :

• We don’t study English today
• She doesn’t love him anymore
• My mother doesn’t make a cake

3.       Membentuk question tag :

• You speak English well, don’t you ?
• She doesn’t love him, does she ?
• They are glad to hear that good news, aren’t they ?
• He is going to come to the meeting, isn’t he ?

4.       Untuk menghindari pengulangan kata kerja, dengan menggunakan either - neither  dan too – so :

• You don’t study English and Rudy doesn’t either
• You don’t study English and neither does Rudy
• She reads a newspaper and I do too
• She reads a newspaper and so do I

5.       Untuk memberikan jawaban singkat dari pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan ‘do/does’ atau ‘who’ yang menanyakan subject, contoh :

• Do you live on Jl. Merdeka ? Yes, I do atau No, I don’t
• Does he love Ratna ? Yes, he does atau No, he doesn’t
• Who helps you to do that ? They do
• Who tells about this ? My friend does.

6.       Digunakan untuk menegaskan arti/maksud kata kerja :

• I do understand you (do menekankan verb understand)
• She does really need you

7.   Untuk menyatakan ‘request’ dengan maksud penegasan

• Please do help me !
• Do go with me, please !
• Do come to my house, tonight !

II.                  Sebagai ‘Ordinary Verbs’, maka do dan does berfungsi sebagai kata kerja biasa, yang berarti ‘mengerjakan’

• I always do my homework
• He does his job on time
• We do it professionally

D. DID

                Kata ‘did’ dalam Simple Past Tense dapat berfungsi baik sebagai auxiliary verbs (kata kerja bantu) maupun sebagai ordinary verb (kata kerja biasa)

I.        Sebagai Auxiliary Verb

1.                                                                          Membentuk kalimat Tanya dalam Simple Past Tense

• Did you sleep well last night ?
• Did Ryanto study English yesterday ?

2.       Membentuk kalimat negative dalam Simple Past Tense

• I didn’t sleep well last night.
• Ryanto didn’t study English yesterday

3.                                                                         Menghindari pengulangan kata kerja dengan Simple Past Tense

• You studied English and Rudy did too.
• She didn’t read a book and I didn’t either
• He didn’t come to the party and neither did she

4.       Untuk memberikan jawaban singkat atas pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan ‘did’ atau ‘who’ (yang menanyakan subject), contoh :

• Did you sleep well last night ? Yes, I did atau No, I didn’t
• Did she come to the party ? Yes, she did atau No, she didn’t
• Who sent you a letter ? My uncle did
• Who gave you the money ? My mother did

II.      Sebagai Ordinary Verb, did memiliki arti ‘mengerjakan’ (bentuk lampau

dari do/does)

·         He did his duty this morning

·         They did their assignment yesterday.

·         She did the homework by herself last night

·         I did clean the meeting room before it was used

E. HAVE/HAS/HAD

                Have/has/had dapat berfungsi sebagai Auxiliary verb dan Ordinary verb

I.        Sebagai Auxiliary verb

1.        Untuk membentuk Present Perfect Tense :

·         I have already seen that film

·         He has waited you for two hours

·         Rudy and Ratna have visited that museum some day.

2.       Untuk membentuk Present Perfect Continuous Tense :

·         I have been living in Bandung since 1980

·         She has been working in that office for 5 years

·         They have been studying in that University since last year

3.                                                                         Untuk membentuk Passive Voice dalam Present Perfect Tense :

·         My car has been repaired in that workshop

·         His house has been sold since 1980

·         The bill has been paid by him

4.       “Have/has” dalam Present Perfect Tense berubah menjadi “had” dalam Past Perfect Tense : berarti sesuatu telah terjadi di masa lampau.

·         He had already gone when I arrived at his house.

·         We realized that we had made many mistakes

·         I just wanted to know what had happened to him

5.       Untuk membentuk Past Perfect Continuous Tense; has/have menjadi had,:

·         I had been watching television when you came

·         She had been finishing her work when I arrived

·         They had been discussing for two hours when you showed up

II.      Sebagai Ordinary Verbs; “have/has/had” memiliki arti sebagai berikut :

1.        “Have/has/had” berarti “mempunyai”

·         I have some detective novels

·         She has a new car

·         We had a house in that city when I lived there

2.       “Have/has/had” + “to infinitive”, berarti suatu keharusan

·         I have to consult a doctor

·         He has to help his brother

·         We have to visit my grandmother

·         He had to help his brother last week

F. CAN AND COULD

                Can and could dalam kalimat harus selalu diikuti oleh kata kerja ‘bare infinitive’ (infinitive without to). Can and could berfungsi sebagai :

1.        ‘Can’ menunjukkan ‘ability’ (kemampuan)

·         I can speak English very well

·         He can operate that machine

·         My daughter can drive a car

2.       ‘Can’ menunjukkan ‘possibility’ (kemungkinan)

·         You can come to my office if you need something

·         You can use my car if you want

3.       ‘Can’ menunjukkan ‘permission’ (izin)

·         You can go to the party with your brother

·         You can play chess in my house

4.       ‘Can’ menunjukkan ‘future possibility’ (kemungkinan masa depan)

·         I can give you the money tomorrow night

·         He can come to my office tomorrow morning 

5.               ‘Could’ menunjukkan suatu kemungkinan ‘in the past’

·         He could run faster when he was young

·         When I was in America, I could speak English very well.

6.       Ungkapan ‘Could you + infinitive” menyatakan ‘Polite Request’ :

·         Could you help me to open the door ?”

·         Could you tell me the solution of this problem ?”

G. MUST

                Digunakan untuk semua subjek dan selalu diikuti dengan kata kerja asal (Infinitive without to) :

1.        Menyatakan ‘necessity’ (keharusan)

·         I must go to my office right now

·         You must study hard

·         He must pick up his wife

2.       Menyatakan ‘obligation’ (kewajiban)

·         We must help our mother

·         She must work hard for her family

·         You must pay the bill

3.       Menunjukkan kemungkinan yang sangat kuat/mendekati kepastian

·         I gave him the money, he must be happy

·         You look pale, you must be sick

·         From his speaking, he must be an American

4.       “Must + not + infinitive” menyatakan “prohibition” (larangan)

·         You must not smoke in my room

·         People must not enter the office without permission

5.       ”Must + have + Past Participle” menyatakan kepastian ‘in the past’

·         You look so tired, you must have worked hard.

·         He has much money, he must have received the salary

·         That’s a new car, he must have bought it

H. SHALL and WILL

                Dalam kalimat selalu diikuti oleh ‘bare infinitive’,digunakan untuk :

1.        ‘Shall’ menyatakan suatu ‘offer’ (penawaran) :

·         Shall we meet at 5 o’clock ? (Bisakah …………..)

·         Shall I close the window ? (Bolehkah……………)

·         Shall I go with her ? (Bolehkah ………………….)

2.       ‘Will’ menyatakan ‘future action’ (kegiatan yang akan datang)

·         I will study English tomorrow

·         He will come to my house next week

·         They will be busy next Friday morning

3.       ‘Will you …….’ Menyatakan ‘request’ or ‘invitation’

·         Will you send me the letter ?

·         Will you call me tonight ?

·         Will you come to my house ?

I.        SHOULD and WOULD

1.        ‘Should’ menyatakan ‘obligation’ (kewajiban)

·         You should help your parents

·         You should fulfill your promise

·         You should pay your debts

2.       ‘Should + have + Past Participle’ berarti ‘Pengandaian pada masa lalu (pengharapan yang tidak terwujud) :

·         You should have stopped smoking

·         He should have paid his debt

·         They should have moved from that house.

3.       ‘Would like’ = ‘want’ :

·         I want to meet him menjadi I would like to meet him

·         I want to finish my work menjadi I would like to finish my work

4.       ‘Would you like + to infinitive’ menunjukkan ‘polite request’ or ‘invitation’

·         Would you like to buy me some fruits at supermarket ?

·         Would you like to lend me interesting CD ?

·         Would you like to come to my house this weekend ?

5.       ‘Would you mind + verb-ing’ juga menunjukkan ‘polite request

·         Would you mind helping me ?

·         Would you mind giving me a piece of paper ?

·         Would you mind parking your car outside ?

J. MAY and MIGHT

                Dalam kalimat selalu diikuti oleh ‘bare infinitive’ , berfungsi untuk :

1.        Menunjukkan suatu kemungkinan

·         It may rain tonight

·         They may come tomorrow

2.       Menyatakan ‘permission’ (izin)

·         You may go to the party

·         He may use my car

3.       Menyatakan ‘expectation’ (pengharapan)

·         May you be happy

·         May you successful

4.       ‘May/might + have + Past Participle’ menyatakan ‘kemungkinan masa lampau’

·         They may have gone to London

·         He might have moved to other country

·         She may have left her house

K. OUGHT TO

                Sama artinya dengan ‘Should’ & digunakan untuk menyatakan kewajiban yang lemah (weak obligation) atau hanya bersifat saran saja.

·         You ought to study hard

·         You ought to finish your work

Bentuk lampau dari ‘ought to’ adalah ‘Ought to + have + Past Participle’ yang berarti pengharapan yang tidak terpenuhi.

·         You ought to have stopped smoking (you should have stopped smoking)

·         You should have moved from that house

L.USED TO

                ‘Used to’ digunakan untuk menyatakan ‘past habit’ yang tidak dilakukan lagi saat ini. ‘Used to’ dapat digunakan untuk semua subject.

·         I used to go to school by bicycle when I was in Elementary School

·         He used to get up early in the morning

·         My father used to drink coffee

Selain sebagai auxiliary verb, ‘used to’ juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective yang berarti ‘terbiasa’ yaitu dengan menambahkan to be pada subjek dan memberi ‘ing’ pada kata kerja setelah used to.

·         I am used to getting up early in the morning

·         He is used to drinking coffee everyday

·         My father used to reading newspaper everyday

M. DARE

                Dalam ‘Simple Present Tense’ dan ‘Simple Past Tense’, ‘dare’ berfungsi sebagai kata kerja biasa, yang berarti : berani; tetapi dalam kalimat negative dapat berfungsi sebagai auxiliary dan ordinary

Dare sebagai auxiliary :

·         We dare say you are right – We dare not say you are right

·         She dared go out in the night – She dared not go out in the night

·         I dare drive the car with my closed-eyes

·         Dare you drive the car with your closed-eyes ?

Dare sebagai ordinary verb :

·         We don’t dare (to) say you are right

·         She didn’t dare (to) go out in the night

·         Do you dare (to) drive a car faster ?

·         Did he dare (to) face the problem ?

N. NEED

1.        Sebagai Ordinary Verb

·         I need a paper to write a letter

·         She needs money to buy a car

·         I needed paper to write a letter yesterday

·         She needed money to buy a car last month

·         I don’t need a paper to write a letter

·         She doesn’t need money to buy a car

2.       Sebagai Auxiliary

·         You needn’t come to the party tonight

·         I needn’t take the first flight this morning

·         We needn’t prepare anything for the meeting

 Exercise 1

Complete each sentence with the correct auxiliary verb.

1. What do does have has you done?
2. I do does have has not like this song.
3. Do Does Have Has she know that you are here?
4. The lesson do does have has not started yet.
5. Do Does Have Has you drink milk?
6. Who do does have has eaten my biscuits?
7. It do does have has not matter.
8. They do does have has not want to play outside.
9. We do does have has not seen you for a long time.
10. My friend do does have has sent me some photos.

Exercise 2

Complete each sentence with the correct auxiliary verb.

1. The train do does have has just arrived.
2. Do Does Have Has you understand?
3. They do does have has been learning English for two years.
4. Do Does Have Has you heard that?
5. My uncle do does have has not eat fish.
6. I do does have has not live here.
7. Do Does Have Has anybody rung up for me?
8. She do does have has not play the piano.
9. How do does have has we get there?
10. Where do does have has he live?

 

Exercise 3

Complete each sentence with the correct auxiliary verb.

1. Am Is Are Do Does Have Has you usually send postcards home when you are on holiday?
2. I am is are do does have has not working today.
3. am is are do does have has she given you the book yet?
4. The boy am is are do does have has playing with his toys.
5. I am is are do does have has not seen that film yet.
6. Who am is are do does have has told you to do this?
7. Where am is are do does have has he go to school?
8. What am is are do does have has you doing at the moment?
9. Amy am is are do does have has not go by bus very often.
10. Marc am is are do does have has never travelled by plane before.

Exercise 4

Complete each sentence with the correct auxiliary verb.

1. What was were did had you do last Friday?
2. When her father came home, she was were did had talking on the phone.
3. When I arrived at the party, Jane was were did had already gone home.
4. Where was were did had you born?
5. I was tired in the morning because I was were did had not slept very well the night before.
6. He was were did had not tell me the truth.
7. The street was were did had closed because of an accident.
8. Where was were did had you want to go?
9. When she was were did had done her homework, she went out with her friends.
10. We was were did had watching TV when the phone suddenly rang.