GERUND

GERUND adalah suatu bentuk “KATA KERJA + ING” yang berfungsi (digunakan) sebagai kata benda (NOUN). Jadi dengan perkataan lain, Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan. GERUND dapat berfungsi antara lain :

Sebagai Subjek Kalimat
Sebagai Objek Kalimat
Sebagai Pelengkap (Complement) Kalimat
Setelah Kata Depan (Preposition)
Setelah Posessive Adjective
Setelah Beberapa Kata Kerja Tertentu
Sebagai Noun Modifier
Untuk Menyatakan Suatu Larangan
Untuk Menyatakan Ungkapan-ungkapan Khusus
Digunakan dalam ‘Arti Passive’

I. SEBAGAI SUBJEK KALIMAT

Subjek Predikat Objek Keterangan

Swimming makes me healthy

Waiting made him sleepy

Running is a good sport

Smoking is harmful for our health

Singing is my sister’s hobby

II. SEBAGAI OBJEK KALIMAT

Subjek Predikat Objek

My sister likes dancing

We enjoyed watching television

My father finished working

I stop smoking

III. SEBAGAI PELENGKAP (COMPLIMENT)

Subjek Predikat Pelengkap

My hobby is playing badminton

His profession is boxing

Her favorite sport is swimming

IV. DITEMPATKAN SETELAH PREPOSITION, seperti :

at, in, by, of, for, on, before, after, with, upon, about dll

Contoh :

· My sister is good at dancing

· I am interested in reading newspaper

· Before going home, he finished his duty

· The book is used for studying

· What about singing together ?

· He entered the house by breaking the door

V. DILETAKKAN SETELAH POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

Contoh :

· I really appreciate your coming

· Her leaving made me sad

· His helping caused me free

VI. DILETAKKAN “AFTER CERTAIN VERBS” such as :

avoid, finish, enjoy, keep (on), consider, get through, insist on, dan lain-lain.

Contoh :

· She avoids meeting him

· He enjoys fishing the sea

· My father finished working at 5 in the afternoon

· He insists on staying home tonight

· Will you consider helping me with my work ?

· Rudi can’t help asking the question

Note : can’t help = can’t avoid = can’t stop

VII. SEBAGAI “NOUN MODIFIER” (Membatasi arti suatu kata benda)

· drawing book

· waiting room

· reading book

· parking area

· rolling door

· driving license

· swimming pool

VIII. UNTUK MENYATAKAN SUATU LARANGAN

· No smoking in this area

· No parking here

· No spitting (dilarang meludah)

· No loitering (dilarang mondar-mandir)

IX. UNTUK MENYATAKAN UNGKAPAN-UNGKAPAN KHUSUS

· Seeing is believing

· Working is satisfying

· Thanking is pleasing

X. DIGUNAKAN DALAM ARTI PASSIVE

Biasanya digunakan sesudah kata-kata kerja tertentu seperti : want, need, etc

Contoh :

· The radio needs repairing (The radio needs to be repaired)

· The house wants painting (The house wants to be painted)

· The products needs distributed (The products needs to be distributed)

NOTE :

Ada beberapa Verbs yang dapat diikuti baik oleh Gerund maupun To Infinitive. Secara Struktur, keduanya sama benarnya, beberapa memiliki arti sama, beberapa memiliki arti berbeda.

Arti Sama :

· They began studying here last year

They began to study last year

· They started learning English immediately

They started to learn English immediately

· They continue practicing every day

They continue to practice every day

· They prefer studying together

They prefer to study together

· They like learning new patterns

· They like to learn new patterns

Arti Berbeda :

· I stopped smoking (berhenti merokok)

· I stopped to smoke (berhenti melakukan kegiatan untuk merokok dahulu). I stopped writing (in order) to smoke

· I remembered writing to my family (saya ingat pernah menulis pada keluarga)

· I remembered to write my family (saya ingat untuk menulis pada keluarga)

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

admit : She admitted doing her best
advice : He advised waiting until tomorrow
anticipate : I anticipate having a good time on vacation
appreciate : I appreciated hearing from them
avoided : He avoided answering my question
complete : I finally completed writing my term paper
consider : I will consider going with you
delay : He delayed leaving for school
deny : She denied committing the crime
discuss : They discussed opening a new business
dislike : I dislike driving long distances
enjoy : We enjoyed visiting them
finish : She finished studying about history
forget : I never forget visiting Napoleon’s tomb
can’t help : I can’t help worrying about it
keep : I keep hoping he will come
mention : She mentioned going to a movie
mind : Would you mind helping me with this
miss : I miss being with my family
postpone : Let’s postpone leaving until tomorrow
practice : The athlete practiced throwing the ball
quit : He quits trying to solve the problem
recall : I don’t recall meeting him before
recollect : I don’t recollect meeting him before
recommend : She recommended seeing the show
regret : I regret telling him my secret
remember : I can’t remember meeting him when I was a child.
resent : I resent her interfering in my business.
resist : I couldn’t resist eating the desert.
risk : She risks losing all of her money
stop : She stopped going to classes when she got sick
suggest : She suggested going to movie
tolerate : She won’t tolerate cheating during an examination
understand : I don’t understand his leaving school.

TO INFINITIVE

I. FUNCTION

The most common uses of the infinitive are:

To indicate the purpose or intention of an action (where the 'to' has the same meaning as 'in order to' or 'so as to'):

She's gone to collect her pay cheque.
The three bears went into the forest to find firewood.

a. As the subject of the sentence:

To be or not to be, that is the question.
To know her is to love her.
(Note: this is more common in written English than spoken)

With nouns or pronouns, to indicate what something can be used for, or what is to be done with it:

Would you like something to drink?
I haven't anything to wear.
The children need a garden to play in.

b. After adjectives in these patterns:

It is + adjective +to-infinitive
It is good to talk
It is + adjective + infinitive + for someone + to-infinitive.
It is hard for elephants to see mice
It is + adjective + infintive + of someone + to-infinitive.
It is unkind of her to say that.

c. After an adjective + noun when a comment or judgment is being made:

It was a stupid place to park the car.
This is the right thing to do.
It was an astonishing way to behave.

With too and enough in these patterns:

too much/many (+ noun) + to-infinitive

There's too much sugar to put in this bowl.
I had too many books to carry.

too + adjective + to-infinitive

This soup is too hot to eat.
She was too tired to work.

too + adverb + to-infinitive

He arrived too late to see the actors.

enough (+ noun) + to-infinitive

I've had enough (food) to eat.

adjective + enough + to-infinitive

She's old enough to make up her own mind.

not enough (+noun) + to-infinitive

There isn't enough snow to ski on.

not + adjective + enough + to-infinitive

You're not old enough to have grand-children!

d. to + infinitive or gerund:

ADVISE, ALLOW, PERMIT, FORBID, RECOMMEND, REQUIRE

In this group, the verbs have the same meaning followed by either the infinitive or the gerund. The difference is in the way of usage. If the person who is advised/allowed/forbidden/etc. is mentioned, a to + infinitive follows, if not, a gerund.
The instructor advised checking the "Advanced Settings" option.
The instructor advised me to check the "Advanced Settings" option.
They don't allow smoking in this restaurant. (Smoking is not allowed in this restaurant.)
They don't allow people to smoke in this restaurant. (People aren't allowed to smoke in this restaurant.)
They don't permit smoking in this restaurant. (Smoking is not permitted in this restaurant.)
They don't permit people to smoke in this restaurant. (People aren't permitted to smoke in this restaurant.)
The authorities forbade entering the park because of a bush fire.
The authorities forbade us to enter the park because of a bush fire.
The plumber recommended buying a new water heater.
The plumber recommended me to buy a new water heater. (I was recommended to buy a new water heater.)
The project requires spending $70,000 in the initial phase.
The project required us to work in groups.

Use

Certain words are followed by an Ing-Form.

Use and Word Lists	Example
as the subject of a clause	Cycling is good for your health.
after certain adjectives	He’s afraid of going by plane.
after certain prepositions	Before going to bed he turned off the lights.
after certain verbs	I enjoy cooking.
after certain verbs with prepositions	I am looking forward to seeing you again.
after certain nouns	We had problems finding our way back home.

Words followed either by Infinitive or Ing-Form

Use and Word Lists	Example
same meaning	I started to read. / I started reading.
same meaning but different use	She forbids us to talk. / She forbids talking.
different meaning	He stopped to smoke. / He stopped smoking.
infinitive or present participle	I saw him go up the stairs. / I saw him going up the stairs.

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

A. VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY “TO INFINITIVE”

1. afford : I can’t afford to buy it

2. agree : They agreed to help us

3. appear : She appeared to be tired

4. arrange : I’ll arrange to meet you at the airport

5. ask : He asked to come with us

6. beg : He begged to come with us

7. care : I don’t care to see that show

8. claim : She claims to know a famous movie star

9. consent : She finally consented to marry him

10. decide : I have decided to leave on Monday

11. demand : I demand to know who is responsible

12. deserve : She deserved to win the prize

13. expect : I expect to enter graduate school in the fall

14. fail : She failed to return the book to the library on time

15. forget : I forgot to mail the letter

16. hesitate : Don’t hesitate to ask for my help

17. hope : Jack hopes to arrive next week

18. learn : He learned to play the piano

19. manage : She managed to finish her work easily

20. mean : I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling

21. need : I need to have your opinion

22. offer : They offered to help us

23. plan : I am planning to have a party

24. prepare : We prepared to welcome them

25. pretend : He pretends not to understand

26. promise : I promise not to be late

27. refuse : I refuse to believe his story

28. regret : I regret to tell you that you failed

29. remember : I remembered to lock the door

30. seem : That cat seems to be friendly

31. struggle : I struggled to stay awake

32. swear : She swore to tell the truth

33. threaten : She threatened to tell my parents

34. volunteer : He volunteered to help us

35. wait : I will wait to hear from you

36. want : I want to tell you something

37. wish : She wishes to come with us

B. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A PRONOUN + AN INFINITIVE

38. advise : She advised me to wait until tomorrow

39. allow : She allowed me to use her car

40. ask : I asked John to help us

41. beg : They begged us to come

42. cause : Her laziness caused her to fail

43. challenge : She challenged me to race her to the corner

44. convinced : I couldn’t convinced him to accept our help

45. dare : He dared me to do better than he had done

46. encourage : He encouraged me to try again

47. expect : I expect you to be on time

48. forbid : I forbid you to tell him

49. force : They forced him to tell the truth

50. hire : She hired a boy to mow the loan

51. instruct : He instructed them to be careful

52. invite : Harry invited the Johnson to come to his party

53. need : We needed Christ to help us figure out the solution

54. order : The judge ordered me to pay a fine

55. permit : He permitted the children to stay up late

56. persuade : I persuaded him to come for a visit

57. remind : She reminded me to lock the door

58. require : Our teacher requires us to be on time

59. teach : My brother taught me to swim

60. tell : The doctor told me to take these pills

61. urge : I urged her to apply for the job

62. want : I want you to be happy

63. warn : I warned you not to drive too fast

Verb Lists: Infinitives and Gerunds

Verbs Followed by an Infinitive She agreed to speak before the game.
agree aim appear arrange ask attempt be able beg begin care choose condescend	consent continue dare decide deserve detest dislike expect fail forget get happen	have hesitate hope hurry intend leap leave like long love mean neglect	offer ought plan prefer prepare proceed promise propose refuse remember say	shoot start stop strive swear threaten try use wait want wish

Verbs Followed by an Object and an Infinitive Everyone expected her to win.
advise allow ask beg bring build buy challenge	choose command dare direct encourage expect forbid force	have hire instruct invite lead leave let like	love motivate order pay permit persuade prepare promise	remind require send teach tell urge want warn
Note: Some of these verbs are included in the list above and may be used without an object.

Verbs Followed by a Gerund They enjoyed working on the boat.
admit advise appreciate avoid can't help complete consider	delay deny detest dislike enjoy escape excuse	finish forbid get through have imagine mind miss	permit postpone practice quit recall report resent	resist resume risk spend (time) suggest tolerate waste (time)

Verbs Followed by a Preposition and a Gerund We concentrated on doing well.
admit to approve of argue about believe in care about complain about concentrate on confess to	depend on disapprove of discourage from dream about feel like forget about insist on object to	plan on prevent (someone) from refrain from succeed in talk about think about worry about

Exercise 1

Put in the verbs in brackets in the Gerund or the infinitive.

Example: They promised ______ (sell) the old comics.
Answer: They promised to sell the old comics.

1) We decided (buy) a new car.

2) They've got some work (do).

3) Peter gave up (smoke) .

4) He'd like (fly) an aeroplane.

5) I enjoy (write) picture postcards.

6) Do you know what (do) if there's a fire in the shop?

7) Avoid (make) silly mistakes.

8) My parents wanted me (be) home at 11 o'clock.

9) I dream about (build) a big house.

10) I'm hoping (see) Lisa.

Exercise 2

Gerunds and Infinitives 1

In each gap, type either the gerund or the infinitive form of the verb in parentheses.

For example, "(write)" becomes "writing" or "to write".
Type your answers and click on "Check". If you need help, you can click on "Hint" to get a free letter.

Yuri was in his first year at university, studying History. He was rather a lazy student, and he tended to avoid (work) whenever he could. In the middle of the semester, his history professor gave out an assignment, due in two weeks. Yuri intended (do) the assignment, but he postponed (write) it for a week. The following week, he forgot (do) it. The night before the assignment was due, he suddenly remembered it, and rushed to the library. He tried (read) as much as possible on the topic, but there wasn't enough time. Yuri considered (ask) for more time to do his paper, but the History professor was known to be very tough on students, so finally he decided (cheat) and copy his paper from somewhere else. He found an old article on the same topic, and quickly typed it out. The next day, he submitted the paper.

The following week, he was alarmed (see) the professor approaching him, looking angry. "Is this your own work, or did you copy it?" asked the professor. Yuri denied (copy) the paper.
"If you expect me (believe) that, you must think I am very stupid," said the professor. "Every word is taken from an article I wrote myself five years ago. Did you really think I would forget (write) it?"

Exercise 3

Fill the blank with Gerund or To Infinitive

Exercise 4

Complete the sentence with the correct form (infinitive or gerund) of the verb.

1. I intend _________ to Brazil in August. (go)

2. I arranged _________ my vacation during the last two weeks. (take)

3. I considered __________ to Venezuela or Argentina first. (go)

4. But I decided _________ them for next year. (leave)

5. The government has demanded me ________ a visa to go to Brazil. (get)

6. That involves _________ in a long line at the consulate. (stand)

7. I didn't mind ________ the $45 fee. (pay)

8. But I hate _______ in lines. (wait)

9. I also detest _________ passport photos. (get)

10. I really want ________ the country, so I did it. (see)

11. I haven't begun _________ yet. (pack)

12. I'll start soon because I can't stand ________ in a rush. (pack)

13. I remembered _________ my neighbor to take care of my dog. (ask)

14. He doesn't really mind _________ behind. (stay)

15. But he always loves ________ us come back! (see)

Exercise 5

Fill in the correct form by Gerund or Infinitive

1. Mary enjoys ___________________ to music. (listen)

2. I don’t mind ___________________ the washing up. (do)

3. Irregular verbs are not easy ___________________ . (remember)

4. Mathew is really good at ___________________ . (cook)

5. She waited ___________________ a movie ticket. (buy)

6. The doctor encouraged his patients ___________________ healthy food. (eat)

7. My flat is easy ___________________ . (find)

8. She is interested in ___________________ a doctor. (become)

9. He is saving money ___________________ a new car. (buy)

10. When I met her I couldn’t help ___________________ her. (hug)

11. My favorite hobby is ___________________ . (cook)

12. My father helped me ___________________ my homework. (do)

13. I’m sick of ___________________ hamburgers every day. (eat)

14. It is important ___________________ the net for more information. (surf)

15. She advised me ___________________ a doctor as soon as possible. (see)

16. I don’t feel like ___________________ English today. (study)

17. Isabel got Mike ___________________ her car (wash)

18. ___________________ sport every day is good for your health. (do)

19. At last they decided ___________________ the apartment. (rent)

20. I pretended ___________________ asleep. (be)

21. Sheila stopped ___________________ hello to her friends. (say)

22. It’s no use ___________________ over spilt milk. (cry)

23. The following questions are easy ___________________ . (answer)

24. She told us where ___________________ the necessary material. (find)

25. Would you mind ___________________ this letter for me? (post)

26. They suggested ___________________ by bus. (travel)

27. We plan ___________________ to Europe this summer(go)

28. It was hard for her ___________________ smoking. (quit)

29. We were all happy about ___________________ the New Year in Vienna. (celebrate)

30. It seems difficult ___________________ everything about the topic. (know)

31. Just avoid ___________________ unnecessary mistakes. (make)

32. Can you imagine ___________________ my car before we leave? (finish)

33. We are used ___________________ up early in the morning. (get)

34. She enjoys ___________________ . (paint)

35. I forgot ___________________ the door when I left. (lock)

36. I regret ___________________ you that your application was rejected. (inform)

37. We intend ___________________ you next spring. (visit)

38. I decided ___________________ more often. (exercise)

39. Mary keeps ___________________ about her problems. (talk)

40. Ireland doesn’t allow ___________________ in bars. (smoke)

41. Nancy seemed ___________________ disappointed. (be)

42. I can’t bear ___________________ so much responsibility. (have)

43. She is fond of ___________________ picnics. (have)

44. She promised ___________________ smoking. (stop)

45. They urge their citizens ___________________ more waste. (recycle)

46. John is thinking about ___________________ abroad. (study)

47. She considered ___________________ to New York. (move)

48. The aquarium needs ___________________ . (clean)

49. Tom agrees ___________________ me. (help)

50. She warned him ___________________ late. (not be)

mylovely

Kamis, 28 Agustus 2014

GERUND & (TO) INFINITIVE

I. SEBAGAI SUBJEK KALIMAT

Subjek Predikat Objek Keterangan

II. SEBAGAI OBJEK KALIMAT

Subjek Predikat Objek

Subjek Predikat Pelengkap

V. DILETAKKAN SETELAH POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

VIII. UNTUK MENYATAKAN SUATU LARANGAN

IX. UNTUK MENYATAKAN UNGKAPAN-UNGKAPAN KHUSUS

X. DIGUNAKAN DALAM ARTI PASSIVE

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

Use

Certain words are followed by an Ing-Form.

Words followed either by Infinitive or Ing-Form

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

A. VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY “TO INFINITIVE”

B. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A PRONOUN + AN INFINITIVE

Verb Lists: Infinitives and Gerunds

Gerunds and Infinitives 1

In each gap, type either the gerund or the infinitive form of the verb in parentheses.

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