(Pembentukan Kata-kata
Benda)
Selain kata benda asal (asli),
kata benda (nouns) juga dapat dibentuk dari kata sifat (adjective) dan kata
kerja dengan menggunakan beberapa ketentuan sebagai berikut :
A. Pembentukan NOUNS
dari ADJECTIVES
1.
Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “ness” dari kata sifat (adjective)
Adjectives Nouns
busy business
happy happiness
kind kindness
rude rudeness
weak weakness
2.
Dengan menambahkan akhiran “Y” pada kata sifat (adjective)
Adjectives Nouns
active activity
honest honesty
poor poverty
possible possibility
real reality
3. Dengan menambahkan akhiran “th” pada kata
sifat
Adjectives Nouns
dead death
deep depth
long length
true truth
wide width
4. Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “ence” pada kata sifat
Adjectives Nouns
different difference
diligent diligence
intelligent intelligence
patient patience
present presence
prominent prominence
5. Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “cy” pada kata sifat
Adjectives Nouns
fluent fluency
intimate intimacy
relevant relevancy
sufficient sufficiency
B. PEMBENTUKAN NOUNS
dari Kata Benda itu sendiri
1.
Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “cy” pada kata benda itu sendiri
Nouns Nouns
agent agency
conspirator conspiracy
politics policy
diploma diplomacy
2. Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “ship” pada kata benda
Nouns Noun
leader leadership
friend friendship
member membership
partner partnership
relation relationship
3. Dengan
menambahkan akhiran ”ist/iest” pada Noun
Nouns Nouns
Art artists
Chemistry chemist
Economy economist
Flower floweriest
Piano pianist
C. PEMBENTUKAN KATA
BENDA (NOUNS) dari VERBS
1.
Dengan menambahkan akhiran “age” setelah Verbs (kata kerja)
Verbs Nouns
to advanced advantage
to marry marriage
to store storage
to use usage
2.
Dengan menambahkan akhiran “er” pada Verbs (berarti : Pelaku)
Verbs Nouns
to buy buyer
to divide divider
to drawer drawer
to follow follower
to find finder
to lift lifter
to make maker
to sell seller
to sing singer
3.
Dengan menambahkan akhiran “or” pada Verbs (berarti : Yang me/ber/pe …….)
Verbs Nouns
to act actor
to collect collector
to correct corrector
to create creator
to orate orator
to sail sailor
to vibrate vibrator
to visit visitor
to translate translator
to motivate motivator
4.
Dengan menambahkan akhiran “al” pada Verbs
Verbs Nouns
to arrive arrival
to betray betrayal
to propose proposal
to refuse refusal
to renew renewal
to try trial
5. Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “ry” pada Verbs
Verbs Nouns
to deliver delivery
to discover discovery
to master mastery
to rob robbery
to trick trickery
to fish fishery
6. Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “ure” pada Verbs
Verbs Nouns
To enclose enclosure
To fail failure
To furnish furniture
To please pleasure
To seize seizure
7. Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “ee” pada Verbs
Verbs Nouns
To address addressee
To employ employee
To refuge refugee
To train trainee
8. Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “ion” pada Verbs
Verbs Nouns
to act action
to educate education
to invite invitation
to inform information
to irrigate irrigation
to prepare preparation
to presume presumption
to transport transportation
to protect protection
to collect collection
to obstruct obstruction
to prevent prevention
9. Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “ance” pada Verbs
Verbs Nouns
To attend attendance
To appear appearance
To assist assistance
To allow allowance
To disturb disturbance
To insure insurance
To perform performance
To maintain maintenance
10. Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “ice” pada Verbs
Verbs Nouns
To advise advice
To choose choice
To justify justice
To serve service
11. Dengan
menambahkan akhiran “ment” setelah Verbs
Verbs Nouns
To advertise advertisement
to agree agreement
to amend amendment
to develop development
to judge judgment
to manage management
to pay payment
to
punish punishment
to
recruit recruitment
to
state statement
D. GENDER (JENIS
KELAMIN)
Gender adalah kata benda yang menyatakan
jenis kelamin mahluk hidup, khususnya : manusia. Untuk wanita disebut feminine,
dan laki-laki disebut masculine. Ada 4 golongan gender, yaitu :
1.
Masculin
Gender (Pria)
2. Feminine Gender
(Wanita)
3. Common Gender (
Umum)
4. Neuter Gender
(Netral)
Berikut
adalah daftar Masculin & Feminine Gender
Untuk
Manusia
Masculin Gender Feminine
Gender
Male
: laki-laki female
: perempuan
King
raja queen : ratu
Prince
: putra raja princess
: putri raja
Father
: ayah mother
: ibu
Grandfather
: kakek grandmother
: nenek
Great-grandfather
: buyut laki-laki great-grandmother
: buyut perempuan
Father
in law : ayah mertua mother
in law : ibu mertua
Step
father : ayah tiri step
mother : ibu tiri
Brother
: saudara laki-laki sister
: saudara perempuan
Brother
in law : saudara ipar laki-laki sister
in law : saudara ipar perempuan
Step
brother : saudara tiri laki-laki step
sister : saudara tiri perempuan
Half
brother : saudara lk2 lain ayah/ibu half sister : saudara perempuan
lain ayah/ibu
Husband
: suami wife
: istri
Uncle
: paman aunt
: bibi
Son
: anak laki-laki daughter
: anak perempuan
Son
in law : putra menantu daughter
in law : putri menantu
Step
son : putra laki-laki step
daughter : putri perempuan
Adopted
son : anak angkat laki-laki adopted
daughter : anak angkat wanita
Nephew
: keponakan laki-laki niece : keponakan perempuan
Man
: pria/laki-laki dewasa woman
: wanita dewasa
Boy
: anak laki-laki girl
: anak perempuan
Widower
: duda widow
: janda
Gentleman
: tuan lady
: nyonya
Sir
: tuan madame
: nyonya
Mister
(Mr) : tuan mistress
: nyonya
Bachelor
: laki-laki perjaka spinster
: perawan
Host
: tuan rumah hostess
: nyonya rumah
Monk
: biarawan nun
: biarawati
Actor
: aktor laki-laki actress
: aktor perempuan
Director
: direktur laki-laki directress
: direktur perempuan
Waiter
: pelayan restaurant laki-laki waitress
: pelayan perempuan
Duke
: laki-laki bangsawan duchess
: wanita bangsawan
Untuk
Hewan
Masculin Gender Feminine
Gender
Dog
: anjing jantan bitch
: anjing betina
Tiger
: harimau jantan tigress
: harimau betina
Lion
: singa jantan lioness
: singa betina
Cock
: ayam jantan hen
: ayam betina
Peacock
: merak jantan peachen : merak betina
Drake
: itik jantan duck : itik
betina
He-cat
: kucing jantan she-cat
: kucing betina
Horse
: kuda jantan mare
: kuda betina
a. Beberapa
bentuk feminine berasal dari bentuk masculine dengan menambahkan akhiran “ess”.
Contoh :
Manager – manageress, actor – actress, conductor
– conductress, tiger – tigress
b. Kata-kata
“ship (kapal laut)” dan “country (negara)” biasanya digunakan sebagai feminine.
Indonesia
lost many of her bravest men in revolution
Common Gender :
Common Gender (jenis kelamin umum) adalah
kata benda bernyawa (mahluk) baik yang berjenis kelamin laki-laki maupun
perempuan .
Contoh
: parent, child, cousin, author, painter, artist, rider driver, prisoner,
singer, dancer, reporter, journalist, teacher, student, doctor dan lain-lain.
Neuter
Gender (Jenis Kelamin Netral)
Neuter Gender adalah kata benda
yang tidak bernyawa (inanimate things) dan tidak berjenis kelamin.
Contoh :
·
pencil,
pen, book, table, desk, ruler dan lain-lain
·
bus,
taxi, car, train, plane, dan lain-lain
·
Island,
sea, river, mountain dan lain-lain
E.
Collective
Nouns
Kata benda kolektif adalah
kata-kata yang digunakan untuk mewakili sekelompok orang, hewan atau sesuatu
yang merupakan satu kesatuan. Berikut adalah contoh kata-kata benda kolektive
yang mewakili sekelompok manusia.
Some collective nouns for groups
of people
Ø a family
a crew
Ø a team a
club
Ø a
community
Ø a committee
Ø a choir
a company
Ø a band a
gang
Ø an
orchestra the government
Ø an
audience the army
Kata-kata benda kolektive mungkin digunakan dengan kata-kata
kerja tunggal atau jamak. Jika kelompok ini dianggap sebagai satu kesatuan
unit, maka digunakan kata kerja tunggal, jika dianggap sebagai ‘orang-orang’
maka digunakan kata kerja jamak
For example:
The crowd was orderly. or
The crowd were clapping, yelling and
cheering.
Here are more collective nouns you can use for groups
of people.
Ø a crowd of
shoppers
Ø a gang of
thieves
Ø a company of
actors
Ø a panel of
judges
Ø a class of
schoolchildren
Ø a platoon of
soldiers
Many groups of animals have their
own special collective nouns.
Ø a herd of
cattle
Ø a pack of
wolves
Ø a litter of
puppies
Ø a flock of birds
Ø a pride of lions
Ø a troop of
monkeys
Ø a drove of sheep
Ø a pod of
dolphins
Ø a brood of
chickens
Ø a gaggle of geese
Ø a school of fish
Ø a swarm of bees
Always use a plural verb with the collective nouns, people
and the police.
For example:
Ø Those
people live (not lives)
in Asia.
Ø The
police have
caught (not has caught)
the thief.
Some groups of things also have their own special collective
nouns.
Ø a bunch of
bananas
Ø a deck of cards
Ø a cluster of
grapes
Ø a flight of steps
Ø a bunch of
flowers
Ø a suite of rooms
Ø a bouquet of
flowers
Ø a suite of
furniture
Ø a range of
mountains
Ø a set of tools
Ø a fleet of ships
Ø a string of beads
Ø a fleet of
vehicles
Ø a grove of trees
Some nouns name the amount or form of
something.
Ø a loaf of bread
Ø a bar of soap
Ø a ball of
string
Ø a bar of
chocolate
The words a piece of mean a
single serving or part of something.
Ø a slice/piece of bread
Ø a slice/piece of
cheese
Ø a piece/square of
chocolate
Ø a slice/piece of cake
Ø a sheet/piece of paper
Ø a piece of chalk
Ø a piece of
information
Ø a piece of
advice
- EXERCISE COLLECTIVE NOUN
Read the following passage. Write
the missing collective nouns in
the blank spaces.
Remember that sometimes there are
two words you can use.
Mom took Kate, Rudy and Derrick to the
zoo. The zoo was very busy. A………….of people had gathered round the monkeys. One
of the monkeys had a…………of bananas. Watching the monkey eat made the children
feel hungry. Mom took a……..of bread and some…………… of cheese out of the picnic
hamper and everyone made sandwiches. After eating the sandwiches, the children
had two………..of chocolate each. Rudy wanted to give one piece to a monkey, but
the zookeeper gave Rudy a very useful …………….of advice. “Monkeys may look friendly,
but sometimes they are very fierce,” he said.
Fill in the blank s
with suitable collective nouns.
1. A _____ of birds flew high in
the sky.
2. They saw a _____ of lions at
the zoo.
3. The farmer has a _____ of
cattle on his farm.
4. He ate a _____ of grapes today.
5. Our friend shows us a _____ of
stamps.
6. We saw a _____ of sheep on our
way home.
7. Police have arrested a _____ of
thieves.
8. She bought a _____ of bananas
from the market.
9. The _____ of pupils are
listening attentively to their teacher.
10. You can put the _____ of tools
in that box.
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B.
EXERCISE - COMMON NOUNS
Identify the Common Nouns in the following sentences.
1. We arrived early at the
station.
2. There are different species
of fish.
3. The man was trying to steal
his car.
4. They have gone to the zoo.
5. The baby is crying.
6. My mother is in the kitchen.
7. He threw some nuts to the
monkeys.
8. The children are playing in
the field.
9. That temple was built before
I was born.
10. He has bought a new car.
11. My father likes to swim.
12. She won a trophy in a
competition.
13. I like to ride on a camel.
14. Do birds eat meat?
15. He went to visit his uncle.
16. My brother wants to play
with us.
17. Let me have a look at your
puppy.
18. The taxi broke down.
19. The boys are playing
noisily.
20. She is hanging out the
clothes to dry.
C.
EXERCISE - PROPER NOUNS
Use capital
letters for Proper Nouns in the following sentences.
1. paris is the capital of
france.
2. william shakespeare is a
famous english author.
3. ‘war and peace' was written
by leo tolstoy.
4. The universities of oxford
and cambridge offer degree courses at the highest level.
5. john's two dogs are named
rover and boxer.
6. david will travel to
france to do a degree course on the french revolution.
7. suez canal joins the red sea
and the mediterranean sea.
8. republic of liberia is on the
west coast of africa.
9. mick jagger is the lead
singer of rolling stones
10. mount kilimanjaro is the
highest mountain in africa.
D.
EXERCISE - ABSTRACT NOUNS
Form Abstract
Nouns from the following.
man
scholar
king
know
sell think
long strong wise
brother
lose great
E.
EXERCISE - COUNTABLE &
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Complete each
sentence by choosing the correct word.
1. There is so (many, much)
smoke coming out of the chimney.
2. There are (plenty of, a large
amount of) fish in the pond.
3. (A little, A few) minutes is
all it takes for him to shave.
4. The postman put (a great deal
of, a lot of) letters into the bag.
5. He threw (a little, some)
nuts to the monkeys.
6. She uses only (a few, a
little) cooking oil in her cooking.
7. My hens lay (a large amount
of, several) eggs very day.
8. (A great deal of, A large
number of) dust has collected on the desk.
9. We saw (a large amount of,
many) cows grazing in the field.
10. The butcher sells (a large
amount of, a large number of) meat.
F.
EXERCISE - GENDER
Change the nouns
in bold from the feminine to the
masculine.
1. My aunt visits her niece
every week-end.
2. The lady has several mares on
her farm.
3. The daughter is more
talkative than her mother.
4. Does any actress like to play the role of the princess?
5. Their queen is a widow.
6. The manageress is still a spinster.
7. In the movie, the tigress was killed by the heroine.
8. His daughter-in-law is a
postmistress.
9. The countess has one sister.
10. The authoress is writing a book about the empress.
Change the nouns
in bold from the masculine to the
feminine.
11. The bridegroom thanked the priest.
12. His brother works as a waiter.
13. The dog barked at the milkman.
14. A cock was killed by a fox.
15. The manservant has worked many years for the duke.
16. Her husband is a conductor.
17. He was a postman before he became a postmaster.
18. The lad wants to be a monk.
19. The sultan owns a stallion.
20. Her father-in-law is a landlord.
G.
EXERCISE - FORMING NOUNS FROM
NOUNS
Fill in the blanks
with abstract nouns from the nouns in brackets.
1. I had a very happy ______
(child).
2. I forgot to renew my _____
(member) in the sailing club.
3. We formed a deep and lasting
_____ (friend).
4. He hopes to take over the
_____ (leader) of the party.
5. There are lots of nice people
in the _____ (neighbor).
6. In the _____ (king) of
Thailand, the king commands the respect of every citizen.
7. She seems to be enjoying
_____ (mother).
8. He had barely reached _____
(man) when he married.
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