PARTS OF SPEECH

I.                    NOUN

A.      Proper Noun :

·         Personal names : Rita, Ferry, Zahra, Naufal

·         Name of geographic units : Indonesia, Jakarta, Ciliwung

·         Names of nationalities and religions : Indonesian, Islam, Christianity,

·         Names of holidays : Lebaran, Christmas

·         Names of time units : Tuesday, February

·         A thing or abstraction treated as a person : Nature, Liberty

B.      Concrete or Abstract Noun :

·         Concrete nouns (can be perceived by the senses) : flower, books, camera, computer etc

·         Abstract nouns (for concepts) : beauty, justice, mankind etc

C.     Countable and Uncountable Noun :

·         Countable Noun : Pencils, tables, chairs, children etc

·         Uncountable Noun : coffee, iron, sugar, rice, water etc

D.     Collective Noun : (regarded as a single noun)

·         audience, committee, class, crew, crowd, enemy, faculty, family, flock, folk, government, group, herd, jury, majority, minority, nation, orchestra, band, press, public, team.

E.      From different forms

·         Adjective form : the rich, the poor, the French, the Italians, the accused, the best

·         Verb form (gerund) : swimming is my hobby, seeing is believing

II.                  PRONOUN

A.      Personal Pronoun : I, you, we, they, he, she, it, me, us, them, him, her, mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers

B.      Interrogative Pronoun : (introduce direct or indirect questions) who (person), what (thing), which (choice), whoever, whatever, whichever.

C.     Relative Pronoun : (used in adjective clauses) who, whom, whose, that, which, when, where, why.

D.     Demonstrative Pronoun : this, these, that, those

E.      Reflexive Pronoun : oneself, himself, herself, myself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, ourselves

F.      Reciprocal Pronoun : each other, one another

G.      Indefinite Pronoun :

·         Indefinite persons or things : (-body) somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody; (-one) someone, anyone, no one, everyone; (-thing) something, anything, nothing, everything.

·         Indefinite quantities : all, another, any, both, each, either, few, least, less, little, a lot, many, more, most, much, neither, none, one, (the) other(s), plenty, several, some

H.     Expletive : It, There

III.               VERB :

·         Non-action verbs : remember, need, want, like-dislike

·         Linking verb  : appear, be, become, get, look, remain, seem, feel, taste, smell, sound

·         Action verb : read, walk, give, sing, go, type, speak etc

·         Auxiliary verb : be, have, do shall, will, can, must, may, should, would, could, might, have to , used to.      

IV.               ADJECTIVE :

·         Determiner :

-          Articles : a, an, the

-          Demonstrative adjectives : this, these, that, those

-          Possessive adjectives : my, your, one’s, John’s, Ranola’s, etc

-          Numeral : (cardinal) one, twenty-five; (ordinal) first, twenty-fifth

-          Adjectives of indefinite quantity : some, few, all, more

-          Interrogative adjectives : whose, what, which

·         Descriptive adjective :

-          Proper adjectives : A French dish

-          Participial adjectives : interesting, interested

-          Adjective compounds : a heart-breaking story, ill-tempered man

-          Noun adjunct (noun functions as adjective) : school board

V.                  ADVERB :

·         Manner

Quickly, neatly, awkwardly, lazily, seriously, happily etc

·         Place and direction

Here, there, everywhere, at home, away, inside,  outside, left, straight, west, in America

·         Time

-          Definite time : yesterday, today, tomorrow, Saturdays

-          Indefinite time : recently, nowadays, soon, already, still, just, immediately, now, then, before, afterwards, next, first, later, always, often, sometimes, never.

·         Intensifying adverbs     

-          Quantifiers : (denoting how much) very, too, quite, rather, so, awfully, dreadfully; (adverb of manner) breathtakingly, devilishly; (denoting how complete) almost, entirely, nearly

-          Emphasizing : especially, even, exactly, just, merely, not

·         Conjunctive adverb

-          result : therefore = oleh karena itu

 accordingly = oleh sebab itu

 so            = jadi

consequently = sebagai akibatnya

so that = sehingga

-          addition :        moreover = lagipula, tambahan lagi

furthermore = selain itu, lagipula, apalagi

besides = di samping itu

in addition = selain itu, lebih lanjut

 also = juga

-          contrast :        however = akan tetapi

 nevertheless = namun demikian

although/though = meskipun

even though = meskipun

despite = meskipun

in spite of = meskipun

but, yet, still = tetapi, namun

-          condition :     otherwise = jika tidak

unless = kecuali kalau/jika

or = atau, kalau tidak

if not = jika tidak

-          time : then = pada waktu itu, ketika itu, kemudian

already = sudah, telah, siap

yet = namun, tetapi, masih, sejauh ini, kelak

when = ketika

while = pada saat, sementara

-          reason :            because = karena (followed by clause)

as , for = karena (followed by clause)

since = karena (followed by clause)

because of : karena (followed by phrase)

due to : disebabkan oleh (followed by phrase)

                                                                               

·         Interrogative adverb

Used in direct and indirect questions

VI.               PREPOSITION :

·         Time : at, on, in, since, by, from – to, until, for, during, within, before, after

·         Place :

-          Position : in, on, at, over, above, under, near, beside

-          Direction : to – from, around, through, past

·         Cause or Reason : because of, for, for the sake of, on account of

·         Concession : in spite of, despite, notwithstanding,

 regardless of

·          Condition : in case of, in the event of

·         Comparison : like, as

·         Accompaniment : with, along with, together with

·         Purpose, etc          : for, for the purpose of, etc

VII.             CONJUNCTION :

·         Coordinate Conjunction : and, or, but, yet, nor, so, for

·         Correlative Conjunctions : both – and, not only – but (also), either – or, neither – nor

·         Subordinate Conjunctions :

-          Introducing adverbial clauses : when, until, if, although

-          Introducing noun clauses : that, whether, if, when, how, why

VIII.          INTERJECTION :

Expression of emotion or feeling :

                Hi, Oh, hurrah, ouch, wow, really, great, mamah mia, my God, goodness etc

IX.               ARTICLES

·         Definite article : the

·         Indefinite article : a, an            

X.                  NUMERAL

1.        CARDINAL Numbers (Bilangan POKOK)

Zero, one, two, three …………ten, eleven,……one hundred

2.       ORDINAL Numbers (Bilangan BERTINGKAT)

First, second, third, ……….tenth, eleventh,…………etc

3.       MULTIPLICATIVE Numbers (Bilangan KELIPATAN)

Once, twice, three times, four times, ……fifty five times, etc

4.       FRACTIONS Numbers (Bilangan PECAHAN)     

A half, one third, one fourth/a quarter, one fifth, two sixth, three eight, four seventh, five ninth, five and a half, six and two third, etc