SPECIAL EXPRESSION

 SPECIAL EXPRESSION                                                                                                                                  

 (UNGKAPAN-UNGKAPAN KHUSUS)

A.      SOME and ANY

Kata “some” berarti beberapa, biasanya digunakan dalam kalimat berita atau kalimat positif (affirmatif), dan “any” digunakan dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Contoh :

·         He gives me some books

He doesn’t give me any books

Does he give you any books ?

·         My father bought some pens.

My father didn’t buy any pens.

Did your father buy any pens ?

B.      AND, SO, TOO, EITHER, and NEITHER

Ungkapan “and, too, so, either, dan neither” digunakan untuk menyatakan dua hal yang sama atau sebanding. Kata “too” dan “so” digunakan dalam kalimat positif, “either dan neither” digunakan dalam kalimat negatif, sedangkan kata “and” dapat digunakan baik dalam kalimat positif maupun negatif.

Contoh :

·         Kris Dayanti is a singer

·         Yuni Shara is a singer

Kedua kalimat itu dapat digabung menjadi :

·         Kris Dayanti is a singer and Yuni Shara is a singer

·         Kris Dayanti is a singer and Yuni Shara is too

·         Kris Dayanti is a singer and so is Yuni Shara

·         Rudi plays tennis

·         Toni plays tennis

Kedua kalimat di atas dapat digabung menjadi :

·         Rudi plays tennis and Toni plays tennis

·         Rudi plays tennis and Toni does too

·         Rudi plays tennis and so does Toni

Apabila kalimat tersebut di atas dibuat dalam kalimat negatif, maka akan terlihat sebagai berikut :

·         Kris Dayanti is not a singer

·         Yuni Shara is not a singer

·         Kris Dayanti is not a singer and Yuni Shara is not a singer

·         Kris Dayanti is not a singer and  Yuni Shara is not either

·         Kris Dayanti is not a singer and neither so Yuni Shara

·         Rudi doesn’t play tennis

·         Toni doesn’t play tennis

·         Rudi doesn’t play tennis and Toni doesn’t either

·         Rudi doesn’t play tennis and neither does Toni

Selain bentuk di atas, untuk menyatakan dua hal yang sama, dapat juga menggunakan pola :

1.        Either ……………………….or (Baik…………………maupun………………)

2.       Neither ……………………..nor (Tidak…………….tidak juga………………)

Untuk menyatakan 2 hal yang sama kita gunakan bentuk “either…………....or……………….”,

sedangkan untuk menyatakan 2 hal yang tidak sama atau tidak sebanding kita gunakan bentuk  “neither …………..nor…………”,

Contoh :

·         Kris Dayanti is a singer

·         Yuni Shara is a singer

·         Either Kris Dayanti or Yuni Shara is a singer

·         Both Kris Dayanti and Yuni Shara are singers

·         Rudi plays tennis

·         Toni plays tennis

·         Either Rudi or Toni plays tennis

·         Both Rudi and Toni play tennis

·         Sophia likes dancing

·         Sophia likes swimming

·         Sophia likes either dancing or swimming

Bentuk kalimat negatif dari contoh-contoh kalimat di atas, akan nampak seperti berikut :

·         Kris Dayanti is not a singer

·         Yuni Shara is not a singer

·         Kris Dayanti is not a singer and Yuni Shara is not a singer

·         Neither Kris Dayanti nor Yuni Shara is a singer

·          Both Kris Dayanti and Yuni Shara are not singers

·         Rudi doesn’t play tennis

·         Toni doesn’t play tennis

·         Either Rudi or Toni doesn’t play tennis

·         Neither Rudi nor Toni plays tennis

·         Both Rudi and Toni don’t play tennis

·         Sophia doesn’t like dancing

·         Sophia doesn’t like swimming

·         Sophia doesn’t like either dancing or swimming

·         Sophia doesn’t like both dancing and swimming

·         Sophia likes neither dancing nor swimming

C.     TOO and ENOUGH

1.        Kata “too” berarti “terlalu” digunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat dan diletakkan di tengah-tengah kalimat sebelum kata sifat. Pada umumnya “too” mempunyai pengertian yang negatif karena mempunyai persamaan “terlalu”

Contoh :

·         She is very young. She can not marry

She is too young to marry

·         That box is very heavy. I can not lift it

That box is too heavy (for me) to lift it

·         This coffee is very hot. My father can not drink it

This coffee is too hot (for my father) to drink it.

·         I am very tired. I can not finish my work

I am too tired to finish my work

·         Maths is very difficult. I can not learn it

Maths is too difficult (for me) to learn it

2.       Kata “enough” berarti “cukup” yang digunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat dan diletakkan di tengah kalimat setelah kata sifat. Kata “enough” mempunyai pengertian yang positif yang merupakan kebalikan dari “too”.

Contoh :

a.       That novel is interesting. I can read it

That novel is interesting enough to read it

b.       She is very beautiful. She can be an artist

She beautiful enough to be an artist.

c.       Rudi is very tall. He can reach the tree

Rudi is tall enough to reach the tree

D.     RATHER and FAIRLY

“Rather” berarti “agak” digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kondisi yang kurang baik atau kurang menyenangkan (negatif), sedangkan kebalikannya adalah “fairly” digunakan untuk menyatakan kondisi  yang lebih baik (positif).

Contoh :

·         He is rather arrogant with his wealth

·         It is rather dangerous to go near the river

·         He is rather nervous after the police interrogates him

·         He is fairly clever to do the test

·         She is fairly happy to hear a good news

E.      STILL, ANY MORE, ANY LONGER

Kata “still” yang berarti “masih” pada umumnya dipakai dalam kalimat positif dan kalimat Tanya, sedangkan “any more” atau “any longer” digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat negatif.

Contoh :

·         She is still single

·         Is she still single ?

·         She is not single any more

·         She is not single any longer

·         I still love you

·         Do you still love him ?

·         I don’t love him any more

·         I don’t love her any longer

F.      FEW and LITTLE

“Few” artinya “sedikit” digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu jumlah benda yang dapat dihitung (countable noun), sedangkan “little” digunakan untuk benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable nouns) . Contoh :

·         There are a few people in the meeting

·         I want to buy a few cigarettes

·         I want to drink a little coffee

·         Can you give me a little sugar ?

G.      MUCH, MANY, A LOT OF, PLENTY OF

Selain menggunakan “few” dan “little”, untuk menyatakan banyaknya suatu benda dapat juga menggunakan “much, many, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of” yang berarti “banyak”. Adapun ketentuannya adalah sebagai berikut :

1.        Untuk menyatakan banyaknya benda-benda yang dapat dihitung (countable nouns), digunakan “many” yang berarti “ banyak”

Contoh :

·         I have many books in my bag

·         My father buys so many lamps in the store

·         There are so many people in the yard

2.       Sedangkan untuk menyatakan banyaknya benda-benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable nouns) digunakan “much” dan “a great deal of”

Contoh :

·         My father drinks a great deal of coffee

·         He got much money yesterday

·         There are a great deal of water in the sea

3.       Terdapat beberapa ungkapan netral yang dapat digunakan baik dalam countable maupun uncountable noun, yaitu : “a lot of”, “lots of”, dan “plenty of”

Contoh :

                                                        many

I have                    a lot of

                                                        lots of                    photos

                                                        plenty of

                                                                        much

                                                                        a great deal of

                                        I have                    a lot of                                  sugar

                                                                        lots of

                                                                        plenty of

H.     ONE and ONES

Untuk menghindari pengulangan kata dalam bahasa Inggris, khususnya untuk kata benda tunggal yang dapat dihitung kita dapat menggunakan kata “one” sedangkan untuk mengganti kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung, kita menggunakan “ones”.

Contoh :

a.       Benda Tunggal :

·         This book is red and that book is green

This book is red and that one is green

·         This bag is mine but that bag is yours

This bag is mine but that one is yours

b.       Benda Jamak :

·         These books are red and those books are green.

These books are red and those ones are green

·         These bags are mine and those books are yours

These bags are mine and those ones are yours

I.        WISH

Kata “wish” digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan atau harapan yang tidak terwujud atau tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan.

Pemakaian “wish” dapat digunakan dengan dua cara, yaitu :

1.        Untuk menyatakan suatu harapan atau keinginan yang tidak terpenuhi/tidak menjadi kenyataan sampai sekarang. Pola yang digunakan adalah :

WISH  +  SIMPLE PAST TENSE 

Contoh :                               I wish I could help you

Kalimat ini berarti bahwa saya berharap menolongmu, tetapi pada kenyataannya saya tidak dapat menolongmu saat ini.

·         He wishes he got much money

·         I wish I were a rich man

2.       Untuk menyatakan suatu harapan atau keinginan yang tidak menjadi kenyataan di waktu yang lampau. Pola yang dipakai adalah :

WISH + PAST PERFECT TENSE

Contoh :

·         I wish I had come to the party last week

·         He wishes he had got a lottery

·         I wish I had given you a money

J.        WOULD RATHER

“Would rather” berarti “lebih senang atau lebih suka” dipakai dengan kata kerja infinitive tanpa to (bear infinitive. Contoh :)

·         I am tired, I would rather take a rest

·         She would rather go to the movie

·         We would rather come to your house

Catatan :

Would rather  dapat disingkat menjadi ‘d rather (I’d rather stay here)

Untuk membentuk kalimat negatif, kita menggunakan “not” setelah “rather” namun harus diingat jangan diikuti oleh “to”

·         I would rather not go tonight

·         I’d rather not take a rest

·         We’d rather not come to your house

K.      HAD BETTER

“Had better” berarti “lebih baik” biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu saran atau suatu pertimbangan.

Contoh :

·         If you feel tired, you had better take a rest.

·         It is very hot here, we had better use the fan

·         You had better finish your work first

         Catatan :

Had better dapat disingkat menjadi ‘d better’  (You’d better take a rest)

Untuk membentuk kalimat negatif, kita menggunakan “not” setelah “better”, dan tidak diikuti oleh “to”

        Contoh :

·         You had better not leave the room

·         We’d better not stay here

·         You’d better not talking about that

L.       IMPERSONAL  IT

IMPERSONAL  IT, yang sering juga disebut dengan EXPLETIVE  IT, merupakan penggunaan kata IT bukan sebagai kata ganti untuk sebuah benda atau binatang – melainkan IT ini digunakan untuk menyatakan hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan time (waktu), weather (cuaca), distance (jarak), condition (keadaan), identity (identitas), dan juga dalam hal atau pola tertentu lain.

Perhatikan kalimat berikut :

(i)                He wants to sell the old house. He bought it ten years ago

(ii)              It is raining very hard now

(iii)            It was very cool last night

Pada kalimat (i) kata it berfungsi sebagai kata ganti yang menggantikan benda tunggal yaitu the old house. Sedangkan pada kalimat (ii) dan (iii) kata it tidak berfungsi sebagai kata ganti karena kata it pada kedua kalimat itu tidak digunakan untuk menggantikan suatu benda atau binatang.

 

PENGGUNAAN DAN LETAK  IMPERSONAL  IT

A.      Digunakan untuk Menunjukkan Waktu, Cuaca, Jarak, Keadaan dan Identitas.

Impersonal It jenis ini pada umumnya terletak di awal kalimat (sebagai subjek) dan dibentuk dengan pola atau rumus sebagai berikut

                IT + TO BE / VERB + PREDICATE  COMPLEMENT

TO BE :         Simple Present                                  : is

                         Simple Past                       : was

                        Present Future                 : will be

                        Present Perfect                 : has been

                        Present Continuous        : is + V1 ing

VERB : Yang berhubungan dengan cuaca : rain, snow

·         Menunjukkan Waktu :

-          It was Sunday yesterday

-          It will be December next month

-          It is twelve o’clock now

·         Menunjukkan Cuaca :

-          It has been raining hard here lately

-          It was very cloudy this morning

-          It will not be raining again tonight

-          Was it snowing last night ?

-          Will it rain tomorrow ?

·         Menunjukkan Jarak :

-          It is far from here to his house

-          Is it still far to your school ?

-          It is not so far from here to my uncle’s office

·         Menunjukkan Keadaan

-          It is very cool there now

-          It will be windy this afternoon

-          It is always very hot here in the afternoon

-          It has been very dark outside now

·         Menunjukkan Identitas

-          It is my uncle out there

-          Was it your brother who sat next to you yesterday ?

-          It is the black cat that usually leaves the bones here

B.      Digunakan Menunjukkan Hal Tertentu

IT+TO BE + ADJECTIVE + PREDICATE  COMPLEMENT

               

                PREDICATE  COMPLEMENT :

-          to verb 1 + object

-          V1-ing + object

-          for + pronoun + to verb 1

·         It is good for our health to swim regularly

·         It will be very wonderful to spend the weekend in this peaceful small village

·         It was difficult to get to this village by motor vehicle ten years ago

·         It has been very nice talking with the beautiful girl for two hours

·         It is not easy to finish the work in a week

·         Will it be possible for us to take part again in the competition next year ?

Kalimat-kalimat di atas sama artinya dengan susunan berikut (tanpa It):

·         To swim regularly is good for our health

·         To spend the weekend in this peaceful small village will be very wonderful

·         To reach this village by motor vehicle was difficult ten years ago

·         To finish the work in a week is not easy

IT + LINKING VERB + ADJECTIVE + PREDICATE COMPLEMENT

LINKING VERB :  seem, look, sound, become and appear.

PREDICATE  COMPLEMENT :

-          To verb + object

-          V1-ing + object

-          for + pronoun + to verb 1

·         It sounds interesting to take a walk with them tonight

·         It seemed impossible to travel to outer space some years ago

·         It looks difficult for the old man to speak clearly

Kalimat-kalimat di atas sama artinya dengan susunan berikut (tanpa It):

·         To take a walk with them sounds interesting

·         To travel to outer space seemed interesting some years ago

·         To speak clearly looks difficult for the old man

IT + TO BE + NOUN + PREDICATE COMPLEMENT

·         It is not a good thing to disobey our parents

·         It was a habit for him to go fishing every Sunday last year

·         It will be a necessity for us to have certain skills for the future

·         It has been a rule for him to study every day

·         It will not be a mistake to forgive him for that small mistake

Kalimat-kalimat di atas sama artinya dengan susunan berikut (tanpa It):

·         To disobey our parents is not a good thing

·         To go fishing every Sunday was a habit for him last year

·         To have a certain skill for the future will be a necessity for us

·         To study every day has been a rule for him

·         To forgive him for that small mistake will not be a mistake

                        IT + LINKING VERB + THAT + KALIMAT

LINKING  VERB : seem, look, happen, appear, sound

·         It seemed that he told the secret to her last week

·         It looks that they still don’t understand the matter

·         It sounds that the headmaster will cancel the meeting tomorrow

·         It happened that he was sleeping when he came there last night

                S + VERB + IT + ADJECTIVE/NOUN + THAT/TO VERB 1 + KALIMAT

                VERB : think, consider, feel, reckon (beranggapan), believe and know

·         They think it possible to finish the work in three days

·         He believes it easy to be admitted in a state university

·         She doesn’t feel it wrong to use her brother’s car without permission

·         Ratih knows it very useful to master foreign languages

·         They reckon it a good thing to take a computer course

·         Does she think it easy to solve this problem ?